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WINCHESTER ; IMIINTED BV JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR :— SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVK-MARIA-LANE ; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, W.WOOD, 428, strand; ano j. mawman, 39, ludoate-street. 1822. f ^ Directions for placing the Plates. riate 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 4G. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. WATTLE-BIRD, to fact White-breasted Crow Chrisliiia Crow Blue-striped Roller White-winged Oriole Sharp-tailed Oriole Boat-tailed Grakle Magnificent Paradise Bird Hackled Paradise Bird Gorget Paradise Bird Twelve-wired Paradise Bird Rufous Curucui Fasciated Curucui Blue-cheeked Barbet Buff-faced Barbet Abyssinian Barbican Chestnut Coucal Red-headed Malkoha Shining Cuckow Fantail Cuckow The Wryneck Buff-crested Woodpecker Page I 17 ■•)l H(l I is 132 172 189 193 \m 19} J 209 212 223 229 238 243 252 299 305 332 373 SI] I 1 ■fci .-JT'J^ I ^f '?'; ' : '« *^ / ^ ,•.. f *" 1 4\ 11 M m ^#- ■«i i'l.XVWI r. //r/ff'//., y/tf///,- , /J/,f/_ BIRD8. GENUS XIV.— WATTLE-SIRD. 1 HE bill in this Genus is incurvated ; the upper mandible exceed- ing the lower in length. At the gape on each side a cariinculated Wattle, arising from tin- under mandible. Nostrils depressed, half covered by a membrane, of a textiuv stmiewhat cartilaginous, and tufted at the end. Tongue subcartilaginous, divided at the end, or rather deeply serrated, and ciliated. Legs made for walking ; toes three before and one behind, the shins carinated at the back part. CINEREOUS WATTLE-BIRD.— Pl. xxxviii Calloeas cinerea, Ind. Orn. i. 149. Glaucopis cinerea, Gm. Lin. i. 363. DauJ. ii. 29-3. pl. 21. Shato's Zool. vii. 338. pl. 42. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. li. Der Aschgraue Lappen vogel, Schmid Vog. p. 65. t, 53. Cinereous Wattle-Bird, Gen. Syn. i. 364, pl. 14. SIZE of a Jay ; length fifteen inches. Bill black, strong, and curves downwards, in length one inch and a quarter ; nostrils placed VOL. in. B 2 WATTLE-DIRD. in u iiollow at tlie base, and half covered with velvety feathers, and those between the bill and eye of the same texture. The tongue is singularly shaped, the end being indented into three or four angles, and fiunished with short bristles;* at the base of the under mandible, on each side, a round, tiat, blue substance, not unlike the wattle of a • ock, changing by degrees from the base, to a fine orange; irides blue; the plumage on the forehead and between the bill and eye is hUick ; the rest dark ash or slate-colour, quills and tail darker. The tad consists of twelve feathers, about five inches in length, and ruueifonn in shape, the outer feather one inch shorter than the two uiidvprobably this may be oar Red-legged, or the Hermit Species ? CROW. C— Corvus varius, Bris. ii. p. 12. Id. 8vo. i. 157. Cacabotl, Fern. Hist. N. Hisp. p. 48. Pied Raven, Gen. Sijn. i. 3C9. A. Differs from the commmon sort, only in having a mixture of white feathers, and inhabits Mexico. D.~Corvus candidus, Bris. ii. p. 12. B, Id. 8vo. i. 151. Schw. Ac. Sil. 245. This is white throughout, and met with in Norway and Iceland ; more than one instance has also occurred to us, wherein the whole brood was white, and in one buff-coloured ; a mixture of white in the black plumage is not uncommon ; and we are told that Crows in tht- Drknies change more or less to white in the winter. Of these Mr. Bullock had one in his Museum, in the intermediate state of change. 2.— SOUTH-SEA RAVEN. Corvus Australis, Ind. Orn. i. 151. Gm. Lin. i. 3C5. Daiid. ii. 220, South-Sea Raven, Gen. Si/n. i. 363. Cook's Last Voij. i. 109. LENGTH nineteeen inches. Bill strong, compressed on the sides, in length two inches and three quarters, and black ; plumage dusky black; the feathers beneath the chin remarkably loose in texture ; quills and tail brownish black, the latter eight inches lon;»- ; legs and claws black. Inhabits the Friendly Isles, in the South Seas ; found also at New-Holland ; not uncommon in Van Diemen's Land : is probably a further Variety of the Common Raven. CROW. 3.— WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. Corvus ulbicollis, Ind. Orn. i. 151. Daud. ii. 227. I Vulturinus, Shaw's Zool. vii. 343. ■ torquatus, Spalowsk. Vog. iii. t. 10. Corbiyeau, Levnil. Ois. ii. pi. 50. South-Sea Raven, Gen. Syn. Sup. 75. Id. Sup. ii. 107. Bruce' s Trav. A pp. p. 152. LENGTH eighteen or nineteen inches ; size smaller than tlie common species. Bill ridged, and arched on the top, as in the Ani, but not sharp-edged ; general colour of the plumage glossy black, except a large patch of white at the nape, and an irregular, broken stripe of the same on each side, surrounding the neck before, as a crescent ; the tail is cuneiform, and the wings, when closed, reach beyond it ; the feathers of the head and neck seem elongated, and dishevelled. The female is smaller than the male, with less white on the neck ; the plumage less glossy, and inclined to brown. — M. Levaillant adds, that the feathers of the throat are forked, the webs extending beyond the shafts, and colour less black than the others. He found it every where in his African travels, but particularly among the great Nama- quas, and in Swarteland, but less common than at the Cape itself, and did not think it to be a bird of passage. This is a bold species, attacking young lambs and antelopes : it feeds also on Carrion, and may be esteemed a link between the Crow and Vulture Genus. I observed a figure of one among the late Mr. Bruce's drawings, which differed merely in having the shoulders of the wings brownish, the tip of the bill white, and the back of the neck brownish, with a large triangular patch of white on the nape,* having no other mark of white, for the general colour of the plumage was black. * Mr. Bruce calls this «« a figure like a cup or chalice of white feathers on the occiput. or hind part of the head. CROW. 9 Mr. Levaillant found a nest of one in October, it was of a vast size, composed of large branches of trees, lined within with soft materials. The eggs, four in number, of a greenish colour, marked with brown ; called at the Cape Ring-hals-kraai, or Ring-necked- Trow. In the British Museum is a specimen twenty inches long, in which all the back part of the neck is white, passing forward, and forming i\ crescent before ; tail even at the end, consisting of twelve feathers. i 4.~CARRI0N CROW. Corvus Corone, Ind. Orn. i. 151. Lin. i. 155. Gm. Lin. i. 365. Faun. Suec. No. 80. Scop: Ann. i. No. 36. Brun. No. 29. Muller. No. 87. Georgi. p. 165. Faun. Arag. p. 72. Frisch. t. GG. Bor. Nat. u. UO. Sepp. Fog. m. t. U5. Daud.W. 220. i/wr. Prow. i. 486. Shaw's Zool.vn. 34b. Amer. Orn.iv. p\.^. {.3. Tern. Man. rf'Om. p. 67. Id. Ed. ii. p. 108. Comix, Raii. p. 39. A. 2. Will. p. 83. 1. 18. Bris. ii. p. 12. Id. 8vo. i. 157. Klein Av. p. 58. 6} Scliwarze Krahe, Naturf. ix. s. 41. La Corneille, Buf. iii. 45. pi. 3. PI. enl. 483. Carrion Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 370. Id. Sup. 75. Id. Sup. ii. 108. Br. Zool. i. No. 75. pl. 34. Id. fol. p. 75. Id. 1812. 1. p. 281. pi. 35. Arct. Zool. ii. 135. Alb. iii. pl. 21. Hist. Selb. p. 97. Will. Eng. 122. pl. 18. Bewick, i. p. 68. Lewin Birds, i. pl. 34. Id. Eggs, pl. vi. f. ii. Walcot. Syn. i. pl. 33. Orn. Diet. ^ Sup. THE length of this species is eighteen inches ; breadth thirty-six; weight, twenty ounces. The bill black ; irides dusky ; the plumage violet black, but less glossy than in the Raven ; tail nearly even at the end ; the female has the colours less bright. The two sexes are for the most part seen together, and the opinion is, that they remain so during life. The nest is made on tall trees, chiefly in woods, and the eggs five or six in number, similar to those of the Raven, but smaller.* Like that bird, the Crow is fondest of carrion and animal * Weight five drams ; that of the Raven between six and seven. VOL. III. Q I ''£1 10 CROW. food ; not unfreqiiently makes great havock of young game of all kinds, and has also been known to peck out the eyes of young Iambs. This bird, like the Raren, is very tenacious of its own residence, not suffering any bird to approach within a moderate distance without an attack, and for the most part defeating the enemy. This species is found in many parts of the world, though not so far spread as the Raven : is scarce in Russia, only in the northern ])arts ; grows more numerous in Siberia, especially beyond the Lena, where the Hooded Crow is not seen : pretty common about the Lake Baikal ; but most of all plentiful about Astrachan ; where, in com- pany with others of the Genus, they do immense damage to the vine-yards, and oblige the owners to drive them off with clappers,* &c. ; not uncommon at Aleppo,t and may be noticed in drawings from China and India ; not often seen in Prussia,$ and very rare in Sweden, § but in France and Germany as common as in England. We hear of it at Madeira. || — Dampier met with it at New-Holland, and New-Guinea;** and Dr. Forster at New-Caledonia. ft — On the New Continent it is frfiijuent about Hudson's Bay, where it is called Hahaseu ; is more plentiful in-land, being rarely seen on the coasts ; Xt "ot always in Canada in the winter, for according to Kahn, it is not at Quebec at that season, §§ More of the manners need not be mentioned^ as the species is so generally known. |||| * However they may join the company of their congeners, as observed above, tljey cer- tainly do not form themselves into flocks of their own species. t Russel Alep. p. 69. % Klein. Ord. Av. p. 58. § Only seen once, Faun. Suec. II Forster's Voy. p. 25. ** Damp. iv. 138. ft Vol. ii. 402. ++ Mr. Hutchins. §§ Trav. iii. 206. nil A singular anecdote of this bird is well attested. In March 1783, aCrow was observed to build a nest on the vane of the top of the Exchange at Newcastle, and the more remark- able, as the spindle on which it was constructed, being fixed to the vane, moved with it, and in course turned round to every point of the compass. A small copper-plate was engraved, with a representation of the circumstance, of the size of a watch-paper, and so pleased were the inhabitants with it, that so many were sold at sixpence each, as to produce the sum of ten pounds. CROW. 11 A — Corvus clericus, Ltd. Orn. i. 152. 4. /3. Cm. Lin. i. 365. Muse. Carls, fase. i. t. 2. This chiefly differs from the common one, in having the base of the bill ash-coloured, the chin white, and the black in some parts more inclined to dusky. Ray, in his Letters, p. 108, mentions one wholly white. 5.- ROOK. Corvus Frugilegus, Ind. Orn. i. 152. Lin. i. 156; Faun. Suec. No. 85. //. Oel. 67. Gm. Lin. i. 366. Kram. 333. 2. Bar. Nat. ii. 105. Rati. p. 83. A. 3. JVill. 84. 1. 18. Frisch. t. 64. Gerini, ii. 35. 1. 143. 145. Bris. ii. 16. Id. 8vo. i. 158. Klein. Av. p. 59. Id. Stem. p. 10. 1. 10. f. 3. a. b. Id. Ov. t. 8. f. 10. Daud. ii. 229. Sepp. Voy. iii. t. 103. Shaw's Zool. vii. 347. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 69. Id. Ed. ii. p. 110. Saatkrahe, Naturf. ix. s. 41. Le Freux, on la Frayonne, Buf. iii. 55. PI. enl. 484. Corneille du Cap, Levail Ois.u. p. 11. No. 52. Rook, Gen. Sijn. i. 372. Id. Sup. 76. Id. Sup. ii. 109. i. pi. 34. Id. 1812, 282. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 250. A. 123. Bewick. Birds, pi. p. 71. Lewin,'u pi. 35. Birds i. pi. 34. Orn. Diet. ^ Supp. Bart. Trav. 280. Br. Zool. Alb. ii. pi. 23. Will. Eng. Id. Eggs pi. vi. f. 3. Wale. THIS and the Crow are not easily distinguished while young, though the former is somewhat bigger, but the Rook, when at mature age, appears bare about the nostrils, and root of the bill, arising from the latter being thrust into the earth after worms and other insects, which the Crow never does, and therefore retains the bristles over the nostrils as long as it lives. In the Rook too, the tail feathers are more rounded at the end. The Rook feeds also on grains of all sorts, hence is injurious to the husbandman, and would be more so, did it not at the same time destroy vast quantities of the larvge of the Chafer Beetles,* which in some seasons ruin whole crops of com, hy feeding on the roots. * Scarabavs Melolontha, Sf Solstitialit.^Lin. C 2 12 CROW. This species is common every where in England, and at all times gregarious, and great numbers often form themselves into societies, particularly in breeding time, chusing a clump of the largest and tallest trees whereon to make their nests. These are called Rooke- ries, and from their perpetual chatter, and litter they occasion, are to most people a great annoyance. The eggs as in the Crow, but smaller, and the spots larger ; they begin to build early in March ; the male and female sit by turns, and after the breeding season roost elsewhere; in their going and returning from their haunts, they sometimes are in such vast tlocks as to darken the air. In England they remain tlu'oughout the year, but in France and Silesia are migratory. We do not see it in Aso's list, as a bird of Spain, though the Crow is mentioned ; and Mr. White has assured me, that he never met witli either Crow or Rook in Gibraltar. Linneeus ranks it among his Swedish birds ; but neither Brunnich nor Muller mention it as be- longing to Denmark; nor is it in Georgi's list of the birds of Lake Baikal. It is, however, not uncommon in Russia, and the west part of Siberia, particularly in the more southern latitudes. M. Levaillant met with many at the Cape of Good Hope,* but observes, that they are not bare about the nostrils ; and if so, this no doubt must arise from some different mode of procuring food. I do not find it mentioned as an American species. It is said that there are no Rooks in the Isle of Jersey, although ~Jrows and Magpies are not unfrequent, nor is it certain that the Jay nhabits that Island. * Whether it is this or the Hooded Crow we are not clear, but Linschoten, in his Voyages p. 84, says, that in India " there are a most wonderful number of black Crows, which do " much hurt, and are so bold, that oftentimes they come flying in at their windows, and take *• the meat out of the dish, as it standeth on the table before them that are set down to eateJ " and as I myself sate writing above in a chamber, the windowes being open, one flew in at the " window, picked the cotton out of my inkehorne, and blotted all the paper that lay on my »' table, do what I could to let him. They sitte commonly uppon the BufHes backes, and " pecke off their haire." &c. &c. I suspect these not to be the common Crow, as this is not known to congregate. CROW. 13 Crows are said by M. Landt* to be singularly troublesome in the Ferroe Islands, deriving great part of their subsistence from plunder ; picking seeds from the field; digging up the newly planted potatoes ; destroying barley before it is ripe; cutting off cabbage roots, and those of almost every other garden vegetable ; devour the fish which is hung up to dry, and carry off goslings and ducklings ; will often enter houses where people are sitting, in search of prey ; and also feed on shell-fish, which they let fall on the rocks from a considerable height. Mr. L. talks of their extraordinary assemblies or Crow- courts ; from which it may be suspected that the birds he talks of may be Rooks, and not Crows.f The Rook, as well as the Crow, varies in plumage, being some- times found quite white, even the bill. I have also seen others black and white ; and one quite brown, the colour of a Jay. 6.— ENCA CROW. Fregilus Enca, Cuvier, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 164. LENGTH seventeen inches. Plumage, for the most part, glossy blue-black, beneath more dull ; forehead, cheeks forwards, and chin black ; the lower and posterior parts of the space surrounding the eye are naked. Inhabits Java ; known there by the name of Enca. Dr. Horsfield refers, for the general characters of the Genus Fregilus, to Cuvier, and gives only the above short description. From the length, it should appear to equal a rook in size, except the excess is made up of the length of tail, which is not mentioned. * Description of the Ferroe Isles. t A curiosity now presents itself in the Tower of London. It is of a Rook's nest lately erected, and inhabited in the centre of the Crowns that surmount the weather-cock on the top of the White Tower — Salitb. Journ. Ap. 3. 1815. 14 CROW. 7 —BALD CROW. Corvus calvus, Ind. Orn. i. 153. Got. Lin. i. 372. Shaw's Zool. vii, 352. Choncus chauve, Bi{f.\iu 80. P/. en/. 521. Le Chauve, Levail, Am. Sf Ind. i. 147. pi. 49. Coracine, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixii. Bald Crow, Gen. Syu. i. 383. THIS is thirteen inches in length. Bill strong, rather bent, and dusky black ; the breadth at the base about half of the total length ; plumage, on the upper parts of the bird, ferruginous brown, beneath paler, inclining to red ; upper tail coverts the same ; the fore part of the head, as far as the crown, and beyond the eyes, totally bare of feathers, and the chin but sparingly covered with them. This bald- ness is probably the effect of rooting into the ground with the bill, in the manner of our Rook, and will account for the want of feathers in the same parts, as in that bird. Inhabits Cayenne. — Mr. Levaillant says, it is common through- out Guiana, and known there by the negroes, under the name of Oiseau mon Pere, having, as they think, the robe of the Capucins, who are so called. The male said to be a trifle bigger than the female, and when young, the head covered with feathers as well as the nostrils : in some the chin is also destitute of feathers, and like the rest of the head. Mr. L. ranks this bird among his Cotingas, or Chatterers. One of these, in the collection of Mr. M'Leay, brought from Berhice, was called Kwaa. CROW. 16 8— HOODED CROW. Corvus Comix, Jncl. Orn. i. 153. Lin. Si/st. i. 15G. Faun. Suec. No. 88. Gm. Lin.i. 366. Scop. Ann. i. f< 0.37. 3/m//- No. 88. Bran. No. 30. Georgi, 166. Kram. el. 333. Bor. Nat. ii. 105. Sepp. Fo-. iii. pi. 100. Baud. Orn. ii. 231. Schr: d. Berl. Nat. iii. 198. Shaw't Zool. vii. 348. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 08. fd, Ed. ii. p. 109. Comix cinerea, Bris. ii. 19. Id. Svo. i. 159. Klein. Av. 59. /rf. S/em. 9. t. 11. f. 1. a. b. Id. Ov. 21. t. 8. f. 9. Frisch. t. (ib. Rati. Syn. 39. A. 4. Will. 84. t. 18. & 77. OriM. ii. 35. t. 144 > 140. 147. Lc Miilacchia, Cet. uc. Sard. 71. Zinn. Uov. t. 10. f. 01. Nebelkrnhe, Naturf. ix. s. 41. La Corneille mantelee, Buf. iii. 61. pi. 4. PI. enl. 76. Royston Ciow, Alb. ii. t. 23. Will. Engl. 124. pi. 18. & 77. Russ. Alep. p. 69. Hooded Crow, Gen. Si/n. i. 374. Id. Sup. 77. Id. Sup. ii. 109. Br. Zool. i. No. 77. Id.fol. t. D. 1. Id. 1812. 280. Arct. Zool. ii. 251. B. Flor. Scot. i. t. 2. Beivick. i. pi. p. 69. Lewin. Birds, i. pi. 30. Id. {Eggs) pi. vi. f. 4. iJonou. v. pi. 117, Wale. Syn, i. pi. 35. Orn. Diet. Grav. Br. Orn. SIZE of the Rook ; weight twenty-two ounces ; length twenty- two inches. Bill two inches long, black ; irides dusky hazel ; the head, fore part of the neck, wings, and tail fine glossy blue-black ; the rest of the body pale ash-co!jur ; legs black ; toes broad and flat. This bird, in the northern parts of this kingdom, Scotland, and the northern Islands,* is a constant inhabitant, and breeds there ; is gregarious, building the nest in trees, laying six pale green eggs, spotted with brown ; but separate into pairs in the breeding season,t after which they unite into bands : it also continues the year through in several parts of Ireland : in the southern parts of England is only a winter inhabitant, coming in October, and retiring the end of March, or beginning of April ; during their stay, seen frequently in flocks of ten or more on our heaths and downs, and not unfrequent on the shores of the Thames, in Kent andEssex,t where they pick up * In the Hebrides it is the only one of the Genus. t An instance is given of the male of the Hooded Crow, pairing with a female of the Carrion Species, which attachment lasted for three or four years.— Compcnrf. of Ornith. t Hence, called Essex Crow ; by some, Dun-Crow. I 16 CROW. It I I I offal and shell-fish; but will be content with insects, seeds, and berries; on the Continent they are alike migratory; in Carniola,^ and in Swe- den, where they breed, as well as in the south parts of Germany ; in the woods of the Islands of the Danube ;t and is probably the species mentioned by Fryer,J as inhabiting Ispahan, in Persia, and has been brought from the Philippine Islands, by M. Sonnerat ; is :ommon throughout Russia and Siberia, but not beyond the Lena. Migrates to Woronesck, and passes the winter there ; grows very large beyond the Ob, and often varies to intense blackness ;§ found also at Aleppo, and about the Lake Baikal, probably extending to other parts of Asia ; as I have been informed, that in some parts of India they are common, and so bold, as to snatch the food from the dishes, while the servants are carrying them across the Court-yard ;|| not unfrequent on the West Coast of Africa.** It is said, that the propagation of the cinnamon tree is owing to Crows, but what species is uncertain ; these birds eat the quick-tasted, and red fruit of this tree, and swallowing the kernels with the fruit, scatter them every where with their excrements ; on this account, none dare shoot a Crow, under a severe penalty, tt Independent of the Black Variety near the River Ob, we know of no other, except one mentioned b} M. Schrank, which had the two mandibles curved across each other, as in the Cross-bill. Xt * Scop. Ann. Hist. i. p. 25. t Kram. el. 333. J The Crows here are like our Royston Crows, grey on their backs and wings.— /"ryer'i Trav. p. 318. § Arct. Zool. II Mr. Pennant. This is among Gen. Hardwicke's drawings, but painted of a less size. ** Life and Adventures of Christian Wolf. Mem. This circumstance is attributed to the White Nutmeg-Pigeon. ft Captain Tuckey met with them in his voyage up the River Congo. XX See Schrift, der Berl. Nat. iii. s. 119. tab. iv. fig. 10. 1 M i ;^ : \ 3; ! !;i ri.xxxix. ^:^%^ ^^^^//^^^ /v-y/ ' \\ C?fei-;«W, 57 <'orvn9 Ofturiffus. rnd. C>«. \. \:>i. Gin fjn i. iV)7, Pal,, ft. 'ii mi Cr.v'-^; Sfi^iw's y.ool. vii. Jt-tf*. Corvus i»capijla*.UH, Ijuud. Oru, i\. Q^U O'^fiiailk.i scapuluiff blHii-, J.tp ii. ~! (0, ,V//.. Ci^i. n. fryer. Trat. )i. '];!. \U' '^V/.H <>r a ^.totfji iUowi leiigJjj ai |h-,>i iw, h »• jr.cb? - J??i' ?>1ack : heai]anhu'k, «losse«i w»th blue; »u,f k nafi ijipa^^t, ?(»;;! ^^m^^ iiiires ihti lieily \vhite: tlh- re-tt ofthe IkmIv, vvin|>s, a«<< fail h{«^.-))ia"k : l|ihahits St'uegal, juul \anoi^s oriu r ^jarts of AiVi/a. \yt)t no wherf Mi.ite'pientit'ul fhan at (be Cope of frood Ho|u\ vUjt-rt if wifikrs th.: av>;f iti trees, or bii'ihes, not uvJl cluthed wj*h '^-iivf-s. uiut lav;; tivf? Tsix grf>ei» «|ggs, spotted uifh brouu The y.>nei(Tu<-J lioKi ih\K. Hid soriif: oihrrs of thf t row IJeinv^ iii gmit e-itimafiot! ; h'^'iirj fd ^in^ular use in pi-kiuy: oot ivM,^'^ tiom%r !>•.-?,.< ,4 :.>.>> w-r^. nhirh they =«re sometime? so eoven-d as to be »|- dai.*,«i-r v.f {<,so.if (n.'4r ?i- ..^ r!tlln>. ob-erves. that the rot-vu*? daoiieu'^, ur Chines*' J>v;k(ljv\, oonie.^, eaily in the spnug. in g-reai ^birhN fmm China, aud the Soutls Vloiisf.i's Country, in?o the parts about the r.rd>e Baikal. lacM fre- qnerd, about the towns and viHa«re.s on fhe Un- r J.^^tm : m Mh'.h part tie Juekdaws and Koyston (Jrow.^ uie .^rddoai <*>*.•. 5;? *;-,„,„} -,j^„ in i*ei,«ii. Tr inhabits Hkewif^e th^ Tshu;d of J'>hae»ni, Mme ft bv>. ou m&fctsiiud miit**; arid Mr, Br.i'v fo,nHi it m Abyssinia. h,.i did Lord Va'ei^4|tb» beginning of >auuii>-), about 0haiW-,t—U 1"^ so'-iect h^ ' fnd, Or». f, p. m. a ^. t Stf Tntv. ii. a*i. ▼0»,tJI fl">' ■^- ' 4ifi- IK I'^rK^^I; ■^'■^§i:, . .iSsb^i; :JMB&^ -iS?3 I •y ■ .V I ^'' i t -•'!VJl /W ,..^^y. . Aft /Y/(.f^t'Jt^'^' ( 't't x 1 ! •M CROW. 17 f * ' ■ • i, ■■•' 9— WHITE-BREASTED CROW— Pl. xxxix. Gm. Lin. i. 367. Pall. It. iii. 694. Georgi. 165. Corvus Dauricus, /nrf. Orn. i. 154. Shaw's Zool. vii. 349. Corvus scapulatus. Baud. Orn. ii. 232. Corneille k scapulaireblanc, Levail. Ois. ii. 14. pi. 53. Corneille du Senegal, Buf. iii. 67. PI. enl. .327. Chinese black Raven with a white neck, Osb. Voy. i. 377. White-breasted Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 367. pi. 15. Id. Sup. ii. 110. Kolb. Cap. ii. 146. Fryer. Trav. p. 21. SIZE of a small Crow; length at least twelve inches. Bill black ; head and throat black, glossed with blue ; neck and breast, and some- times the belly white ; the rest of the body, wings, and tail blue-black ; legs lead-colour ; claws black. Tlie wings are long, and reach three-fourths on the tail. Inhabits Senegal, and various other parts of Africa, but no where more plentiful than at the Cape of Good Hope, where it makes the nest in trees, or bushes, not well clothed with leaves, and lays five or six green eggs, spotted with brown. The Hottentots hold this, and some others of the Crow Genus, in great estimation ; being of singular use in picking out insects from the backs of oxen, with which they are sometimes so covered as to be in danger of losing their lives. Pallas observes, that the Corvus dauricus, or Chinese Jackdaw, comes early in the spring, in great flights from China, and the South Monguls Country, into the parts about the Lake Baikal, most fre- quent about the towns and villages on the River Lena ; in which part the Jackdaws and Royston Crows are seldom seen :* found also in Persia. It inhabits likewise the Island of Johanna, where it lives on insects and fruits ; and Mr. Bruce found it in Abyssinia, as did Lord Valentia the beginning of January, about Dhalac^— It is subject to TOL. III. * Ind, Orn. i. p. 154. 8. /3. f See Trav. ii. 225. D '. »» ■' 18 CROW. variety, independent of the difference of the belly ; for Pallas men- tions one which was almost wholly black, with the nape of the neck and throat brown. — Such an one is in Lord Stanley's collection. In this tlie neck and breast are fine brown ; belly and vent black ; the outer quill not half the length of the fifth, which is the longest. I have observed this variety too, in several drawings of Indian birds. , 1- ^1 ,i i } i: .■ ^ n 10.— JACKDAW. CoivusMonetlula, Ind.Orn.'x. 154. Lin.\, 156; Faun. Suec. No. 89. Gm. Lin.i. 307. Scop. Ann. \. "No. 28. Brjoj. No. 32. Muller. J^o. 89. Georgi. IQb. Ph. Trans. Ivii. 347. Bris. ii. p. 24. Id. 8vo. i. 160.. Kramer. 334. Frisch. t. 67. /e((i/. 40. A. 5. Jfi//. 85. t. 19. Borowsk.'u. 106. Gmwi. t. 144 ? Sepp.Vog, iii, t. 113. Dmul ii. 232. Shuxv's Zool. vii. 350. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 70. Id. Ed. ii. p. 112. Comix -"amila, Klein. Av. 59. Id. Stem. 10. t. 11. f. 2. a. b. Id. Ov. 21. t. 8. f. 4. Le Choucas, Buf. iii. 09. PI. cnl. 523. Dohle, Gtinth. Nest. U. Eij. 51. t. 11. fig. inf. Naturf. xi. s. 42. Taccole. Celt. Uc. Sard. 72. Zinnan. Ov. 71. t. 10. f. 62. Jackdaw, Gen. Syn. i. 378. Id. Sup. 78. Id. Sup. ii. 150. Br. Zool. i. No. 81. pi. 34. Id./ol. p. 78. /J. 1812. 296. pi. 35. ^rc/. Zoo/, ii. 251. C. Hist. Selb. 59. GO. Aib.i, pi. 14. Will. Engl. 125. pi. 19. Bewick, 'i. pi. in p. 73. Lcwin,'u pi. 37. /(/. Eggs. vii. f. 1. JValcot, i. pi. 36. Orn. Did. THE Jackdaw is thirteen inches long, and weighs about nine ounces. Bill black ; irides nearly white ; hind head and back part of the neck elegant cinereous grey, passing on each side towards the breast ; the rest of the plumi^ge glossy blue-black, but the under parts incline to dusky ; legs black. Male and female muck alike. This is a common species in England, remaining the whole year; builds in trees, more commonly in rocks, and ruined edifices, out of the reach of common intruders ; and now and then in rabbit burrows, as well as in hollow -trees ; the nest composed of sticks and, twigs, having a lining of wool, &c. lays five or six eggs, smaller than those of the Crow, paler, and marked with fewer spots; sometimes also in li- ck [n he I CROW. 19 chimnies, for v/ant of other convenience.* Independent of our own Island, this bird is found in France, Austria, and many other parts of Germany and Spain ; very frequent at Athens : common at Gib- raltar, breeding in vast numbers on the loftiest precipices, and stayin«>- throughout the year; feeds on both vegetable and animal food; grapes, figs, corn, pulse, and shell-fish, frogs, young birds, eggs, young poultry, and carrion ; will also, like the Raven, keep vora- cious birds at a distance.f In most parts of the Continent, however, it is more or less migratory ; common all over Russia and the West of Siberia : but is seen in winter only in the South-west of Russia ; a few beyond Lake Baikal. It is subject to some variety of plumai,^e. A.— CollaredJackdaw, Gen. Syii. i. 379. A, Helvetian Daw, Charlt. Ex. p. 75. No. 7. This differs in having a collar of white round the neck, and is found in Switzerland. B.— White Jackdaw, Gen. Syn.'u .379. B. Ray's Letters, p. 108. Wholly white, with a yellowish bill. That recorded by Ray was met with at Hurworth, near Crofl Bridge. * A person in the Isle of Ely, having occasion to kindle a fire in a room, which had not been used for some time, the chimney took fire, owing to the materials collected by the Jackdaws, which were in such quantity, as to make it the greatest difficulty to preveiil the house itself from being destroyed. t Rev. Mr. White. D 2 l' ..1 50 CROW. C— Black Jackdaw, Gen. Si/n. i. 379. C. Friick. t. 68. This is smaller, with spots of white about the eyes, bluish irides and wanting the greyish tint about the head ; such an one is found about the Volga ;* others are mentioned being black, with flesh- coloured bill and legs : one with a mixture of white in the winiys, and the mandibles crossing each other. — In the Museum of the late Dr. Hunter, was a bufF-coloured specimen, with white shoulders. ■ii f ill I' !■■; , f. ■ ■" 11.— JAY. Corous glandarius, Ltd. Orn.'u 157. Lin.'u 156. Faun. Suec. No. 90. Gm. Lin. i. 368. Scop. i. No. 39. Brun. No. 33. Muller. No. 90. Kramer, p. 334. Georgi, 165. Faun. Arag. 72. /Vmc/i. t. 55. Rait. 4}. A 2. Will. 8S. 1. 19. Gerini.u. t. 161. Sepp. Vog. t. p. 1. Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. t. 38. Borowsk. ii. 108. 8. Daud. ii. 247. Shaw's Zool. vii, 356. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 73. Id. Ed. ii. 114. Garrulus, Bris. ii. 47. /(/. 8vo. i. 168, Scha-ff. el. t. 39. Robert, ic. pi. 18. Pica glandaria, Klein. Av. 61. Id. Stem. 1. 12. f. 4. a. b. Id. Ov. t. 8. f. 2. Jeay, Buf. iii. 107. t. 8. PI. enl. 481. Ghiandaia, Olin. 35. Zinnan. Uov. 1. 10. f. 58. Cet. Uc. Sard. 76. Der Holzliaher, Naturf. 9. s. 43. SchmidVog. p. 45. t. 31. Jay, G^M. 5yM.i. 384. Id. Sup. 19. Br. Zool.\. tio.l9. Id. Fol.\. D. /rf. 1812. 291. Arct. Zool. n.2b2. B. Will. Eng. 130. PI. 19. Russ. Alep. 69. Alb.l pi. 16. Hayes Birds, pi. 7. Bewick, pi. p. 80. Lewin's Birds, pi. 38. Id. ^gg^> pl- V"' *"• 2. Walcot, pi. 37. Nat. Misc. pi. 549. Orn. Diet. Graves Br. Orn. Donov. v. pi. 2. LENGTH thirteen inches ; weight seven ounces. Bill dusky ; irides whitish ; the head crested; feathers of the forehead white, dashed with black ; chin white ; from the angles of the mouth a broad black streak passes beneath the eye ; the plumage for the most part vina- ceous bufF-colour ; lesser wing coverts light bay ; the greater most * Ph. Trans, ivi. 347. 7.— According to M. Levaillant, the black one,' and that with the grey head and nape, only shew difference of sex— See Ois. ii. 129. but I doubt this, as we have no such distinction in England, where they are sufficiently commoni CROW. 31 elegantly barred, rich blue and black alternately, the rest black ; quills part ash-colour, part black ; the base of some, and the edges of others white ; the inner ones chestnut, with black tips ; rump white; tail black, the feathers edged with dusky, the outer ones wholly dusky ; legs brown. The female differs chiefly in the colour being less brilliant. ITie Jay is not uncommon in all the woods of this kingdom ; is u restless and noisy species, alarming by its screams the rest of the feathered tribe, on the approach of any one; yet at intervals has a sort of note not unpleasant ; it will also imitate the cries of various animals in the wild state ; but when kept tame, may be taught to mimic many more; and we have witnessed one that mswed so exactly like a cat as to be mistaken for one.— The Jay feeds on various things, especially fruit, and grains, also acorns; likewise birds eggs, and sometimes the parent birds, as well as mice ; makes the nest in woods, of sticks, fibres of roots, &c. and lays five or six eggs, the size of those of a Pigeon, cinereous-olive, marked with paler brown.* This species is by no means so far spread as many of its congeners : said to be common in France, Italy, and Spain, as far as the woodv parts in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar, but not on the rock itself; frequents the woods of Russia and Siberia, but not beyond the Lena! Georgi mentions its being near the Lake Baikal ; and Russel at Aleppo. I have also seen it in drawings done in China, f and there- fore we may suppose it indigenous to that country. Both in Sweden and Spain it is brought to market promiscuously with other birds for the table, but is rarely used for this purpose in England. I have observed only two Varieties, the one wholly white,+ the other with white quills only, the rest of the bird as in common.§ • In Sepp's Plate they are white. t Gtn. Syn. i. 386. . A. Said to be frequent there. Penn. China, p. 183. ; Gen. Syn.i.3m. A. Donov. pi. 34. § Spalomk. Fog. i. t.2. '^ -n r ■i •* -ii 22 CROW. 12 —RUSSIAN CROW. Corvus iiifaiistus, Ind. Orn. i. 159. Lin. Faun. Suec. No. 93; Brun. p. 10. Muller, No. 93. Mm*. Carls. Fasc. iv. t. 70. Georgi. 104 .> TVm. i»/a«. d'Orn. p. 170. /f/. erf. ii. p. 110. Lanius infaustus, Lin. i. 138. Shaw's Zool. vii. 302. Geai orange, Lcvail. ois. de Parad. i. pi. 47. Corvus Russifus, G'/we/ //. i. 50. t. 11. LENGTH nine inches or more. Bill black ; head dMsky brown ; chin and face whitish, mixed with ferruginous and ash-colour ; neck, shoulders, back, and breast cinereous ; belly and thighs pale rufous ; rump and vent ferruginous ; some of the wing coverts the same ; others incline more to rufous ; quills dusky, the outer one shortest ; tail the length of the body, cuneiform ; the two middle feathers dusky asli, the others pale ferruginous, with the ends more or less dusky ; legs black. Inhabits Sweden ; found also in Lapland ; con(nnon in the North of Russia and Siberia, in all the woody parts ; but not in Kamts- chatka ; is a bold bird, approaches the traveller while enjoying his meal in the open air, that it may partake of the scraps. The figure in the Carlsonian Museum seems pretty correct. I ■a ; ;. .\'\ ■I If A.— Corvus Sibiricus, Gm. Lin. i. 373. Geay de Siberie, Buf. iii. 118. PI. enl. GQ8. Siberian Jay, Gen. Si/n. i. 390. Less than a Jay ; length ten inches. Bill dusky ; crown brown- black, and somewhat crested ; upper part of the body and wings cinereous, verging to brpwii on the back ; quills cinereous ; forehead and sides, chin, and neck before, pale, with a ting« of blue on the CROW. 23 sides of the head, and a shade of buff on the breast ; the breast itself, and the under part of the body, and rump, ferruginous orange ; the two middle tail feathers cinereous, the others orange; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Siberia, and is no doubt a variety of the other. 13.— NUTCRACKER. Corvus Caryocatactes, Ind. Orn. i. Ift4. Lin. i. 159. Faun. Suec. No. 91. Cm. Lin. i. 370. Scop. An. i. No. 40. liaii. p. 42. Will. 90. t. 20. Brun. No. 34. Mulkr No. 91. Geor^',-, 165. ATram. 334. Sepp.Vog. t. S. Gm«. ii. p. 103. Boroivsk. .1. 108. Spalowsk. ii. t. 12. Daud. ii. 251. pi. 17. Bechst. DeuUch. ii. 457. Shaw's Zool. vii. 353. t. 43. Nucifraga, Bris. ii. 59. t. 5. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 171. Klein. Av. 61. Id. Stem. p. 12. f 2.a.b. Frisch.t.bG. Sch. 74; Id. Ed. u. u. US. Casse noix, Buf. iii. 122. t. 9. PI. enl. 50. Nushraehe, Nusshael.er, Schr. Nat. 67. Gunt. Nest. I. E,j. 38. Naturf. ix. s. 44 Nutcracker, Gen. Syn. i. 400. Id. Sup. 82. Will. £ng. 132. pi. 20. Br. Zool ii App.pl. 3. /rf. 1812. 298. pi. 37. Arct. Zool. 252. H. Edw.th 240. Bewick 1. 1.1. 79. Lewin, pi. 40. Walcot, pi. 38. Or«. Diet. Sf Supp. SIZE of a Magpie ; length thirteen inches. Bill two inches long, black ; irides hazel ; nostrils well covered with feathers, edged with brown ; general colour of the plumage rusty brown ; crown and nape inclining to dusky ; most of the feathers marked with triangular white spots; largest on the under parts ; vent white ; quills and tail black, the latter tipped with white ; legs black. This is very rare in respect to England, not having been met with more than three times to our knowledge ; is more common on the Continent, but no where so plentiful as in Germany ; sometimes comes in vast flocks into France, especially Burgundy ; frequents the mountainous parts of Sweden and Denmark ; met with as high a. Sondmor : common in the Pine Forests of Russia and Siberia, and all over Kamtschatka ; now and then seen in America, but not near the sea coast. ' r 1 24 CROW. : I It is said to resemble the Jay in manners, laying up store of acorns and nuts, on the latter of which it most delights to feed, but will eat insects of various kinds. Makes the nest in the holes of trees, and, like the Woodpecker, enlarges them with the bill ; the eggs five or six, pale yellow, marked with small black spots. According to Klein, there are two Varieties, a smaller and a larger. Muller also mentions two, the one rufous, the other spotted black and white ; and Mr. Bechstein saw a specimen wholly white. M. Temminck fonns a distinct Genus of this, of which it is the only s|)ecies. 1. 'I V " ,1 m ii I ki 14.— ALPINE CROW. CoivusPyrrhocorax, /wd. Orn. i. 165. Lhi.i.l'oS. Got. Li«. i. 370. Bris.\\.30. t. 1. f. 2. W. 8vo.i. 162. Shaw's Zool. \ II. 360. Tern. Man.d'Orn. \>.7l. Id. Ed. ii. p. 121. Coracias, Gerin. ii, 1. 150, 151. ('rave des Alpes, Daud. ii. 25'iJ. Neu. Schw. Abh. iii. s. 104. Choucas des Alpes, Buf. iii. 76. t. 6. PL enl. 531. Alpine Crow, Gen. Si/ti. i. .381. SIZE of the Jackdaw ; length fifteen inches ; breadth two feet seven inches. Bill like tliat of a Jackdaw, but rather longer, colour yellow; plumage wholly black; tail even at the end, and reaching but little beyond the wing when closed ; legs and claws black. * Inhabits the Alps; has a sharp, disagreeable voice, lives on grain and fruits, and does much damage to the harvest : the flesh accounted ^ood : makes the nest generally in crags and clefts of rocks, rarely in trees ; and lays four white eggs, marked with dusky yellow spots. ♦ Peyrouse observes, tliat the colour of the legs differ* according to the age ; in some black, in others orange, and in old birds deep crimson. » ■! K CROW. 36 15.— RED-LEGGED CROW, Corvug graculus, Ind. Orn. i. 165. Lin. i. 158. Gm. Lin. i. 377. Faun. Arag 72. Daud. ii. 253. Bcchst. Deuttch. u. 447. Shaw's Zool. vii. 378, Pyrrhocorax Coracias, Tern. Mun. p. 72. Jd. Ed. ii. jj. 12t?. Corvus docilis, Got. It. iii. 385. t. 39. Gracula Pyrrhocorax, Scop. i. 40. Upupa Pyrrhocorax, Hasselq. It. 238. 19. Id. Engl. 197. CoraciuB, seu Pyrrhocorax, /eaii. 40. A. 6. JF///. 80. t. 19. Bm. ii. p.3. t. 1, f. 1. /rf. 8vo.i. 154. Shaw's Trav. 251. GVridJ, ii. t. 149. Klein. Av. p. 00. 11. Bvf. iii. 1. pi. 1. Pl.enl.Q5b. Cornish Chough, ^/i. ii. pi. 24. Borl. Cornw. 243. pi. 24. Will. Engl. 120, pi. 19. Hayes, pi. 0. Red-legged Crow, Lin. Si/st. i. 401. /rf. Sup. 82. /rf. .Smj}. ii. 115. Br. Zool. i. pi. 35. Id./ol. 83, t. L. * Id. 1812. 294. pi. 30. Bewick, i. pi, p. 77. Zewin. pi. 41. /«/. Eggs. pi. vii. f. 4. Walcot, pi. 40. Or/i, Die/. SIZE of a Jackdaw; length sixteen inches ; extent of wing two ieei nine inches; weight fourteen ounces. Bill two inches long, much curved, and sharp at the point; colour that of red .sealing wax; irides grey, with an outer circle of red ; eyelids red ; plumage wholly purplish black ; legs red;* the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. The female is smaller, and the bill somewhat shorter, — This is called by some Cornish Daw, Cornish Kae, Killigrew, and Chauk ; pretty common on some of our English coasts, particularly the western : in Devonshire and Cornwall, in Wales and Scotland, We have also received it from Dover Cliffs, where they breed, but said to ha^'e arisen from a pair originally sent from the West ; found also to fre- quent the South Downs about Beachy-Head and East-Bourn, and there called the Red-billed Jackdaw, t Makes the nest in the clefts • Scopoli says, in autumn the feet in some are black—According to Bechstein, it is in the spring that this colour in the feet is seen ; and others affirm, that in the first year the bill and legs are black ; these seeming contradictions can only be reconciled by supposing the describers to mean two different species, as in this kingdom, the young birds have the bin and legs red the first year, f Lin. Trant. iv. p. 14. VOL. Ill, £ I '■ I M ■'f * I ' }'■■ I 11 26 CROW. of rocks, of sticks, lined with hair, and lays four or five white egja^s, big«;rer than those of a Jackdaw, spotted with yellow, or pale brown,* weighing three drams and a half.f I do not see it mentioned as a bird of France, but is not unconi> mon in the Alps and Carinthia : $ migrates into Lower Egypt, towards the end of the inundation of the Nile, in September and October :§ is seen about all high rocks of the south latitude of Siberia, and Mount Caucasus, the mountains of Persia,|| and the Island of Candia •/*^* also common on the Northern Alps and Switzerland ; feeds on juniper berries; roots corn out of the ground; feeds, too, on insects, as locusts, &c. tt ^oefi not migrate with us in England, at any season ; is a greedy, restless, and clamorous bird, fearing neither dog nor wolf: in general imitates the Jackdaw in manners ; is thievish, fond of glitter, and dangerous to be kept tame, as it has been known to catch up lighted sticks, whereby houses have been set on fire. 16.— HERMIT CROW. Corvus Eremita, Ind.Orn.'u IGO. Lin. \. 159. Gm.Lin.'i.S. 377. Borowsck. u. 107. t. 71. 9. B. Daud. ii. 254. Uec/tst.u. 470. t. 17. Shatc's Zool. vii. 382. Coratia. cristata, Bris. ii. G. Id. 8vo. i. 155. Corvus sylvaticus, Gesner. pi, in p. 309. Will. 306. Gerin. ii. t. 252 .' Jo/nist. Av. pi. 47. f. 3. Upupa montana, Klein. Av. 111. Coracias hupi', Buf. iii. p. 9. Wood Crow from Switzerland, Alb. iii. pi. 16. Will. Engl. .396. Hermit Crow, Gen. Si/n.'i. 303. Id. Sup. ii. 115. SIZE of a Hen. Bill long, pointed, bent and red; head crested, dusky yellow, streaked with n «j ; plumage in general black, glossed with green; tail short; legs dull red. * Smutty-coloured, Bechstein. f Col. Montagu. J Scopoli. § Hasselquist. II At Jerom, the bills and feet (of the crows) are as red as vermilion. ** Belon. Obs. p. 17. ft Scopoli says, they sometimes come down in the low meadows by hundreds, in the latter hay time, for this purpose. I 'i CROW. 27 I TIlis bird, first described and figured by Gesner, is said to be found on all tlie high mountains of Italy, Stiria, Switzerland, and Bavaria, and the rocks on the borders of the Danube, but more common in Switzerland than elsewhere, and there called Waldrapp, and Steinrapp ; flies very high ; is gregarious and migratory ; arrives at Zurich with the Storks, the beginning of April : the female lays two or three eggs, and the young fly the beginning of June ; is easily tamed, if taken young, and is accounted good eating. The food is (Jiiefly small fry of fishes, frogs, and all sorts of insects. Neither the young, nor very old birds have the crest, whence they have been called J3ald Crows.* According to M. Temminck, this bird has no exis- tence, being made up from the lled-legged, by forming a (-rest of additional feathers. This we cannot contradict, as we have only seen figm-es of the bird ; but if such a fraud has been practised on Gesner, it is, we believe, not the only one known among Ornitho- logists. 17.— RED-BILLED JAY. Coivus firythrorynchos, Ind. Orn. i. IGl. Gm. Lin: i. 372. Daud. ii. 240. \A. 1'). Shaw's /.wl, vii. 3G1. Geay de la Chine ii bee rouge, Buf. Hi. 115. PI. enl, 622. La Pie bleue, Levail. Ois. ii. 24. pi. 57. lled-billed Jay, Gen. St/n. i. 390. Id. Sap. p. 80. Id. Sup. ii. p. 112. SIZE of a Jay. Bill red ; fore part of the head, neck, and breast velvety black ; behind light grey, mixing irregularly with the black on the forepart; body brown above, whitish beneath, with a violet tinge, most conspicuous on the wings ; each feather of which is light violet at the base, black in the middle, and white at the end. Tail ' * Neither Albinos Figure, nor that of Borowski has a crest, which gives the bird tlic appearance of a bald kind of Ibis, and the figure in Gesner is bare above the knee. I have never seen a specimen, and must therefore rely upon what former authors have recorded. E 2 «■« 'i '■1 l!' ■ i ■V r I ill * I,- 28 CROW. half as long again as the rest of the bird, and fully as cuneiform us that of the Magpie, the feathers blue with black ends, and an oval spot of white at the tip of each.* Inhabits China, and there called Shannaw : often kept in cages, and becomes very tame ; and by the Chinese taught many tricks, by way of entertaining the multitude. 18.— AFRICAN CROW. Corvus Africanus, Ind. Orn. i. 163. Gm. Lin. i. 374. Daud. ii. 240. Shaw's Zool. vii. 37f», African Crow, Gen. Si/n. i. 390. Nat. Misc. pi. 501. LENGTH twenty-two inches. Bill red; head and neck dark purple, the first somewhat crested ; each feather tipped vvitli grey as far as the hind head ; back brown ; belly dirty ash-colour ; quills blue on the outer edges ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers twelve inches long, the outer very short, all of them tipped with whit'i ; Jegs red. Inhabits Africa. These two last seem to resemble each other, so as make us inclined to think them Varieties only. ■ 1 '.I ' I:' » ; 19.— CARIBBEAN CROW. Corvus Caribbteus, Ind. Orn. i. 163. Gm. Lin. i. 374. Daud. ii. 242. Shaw's Zoo/. vii. 375. Galgulus Antillarum, Bris. ii. 80. Id. 8vo. i. 176. Pica caiidata Indica, iJoii. 42. WiJi. 90. Pica Antillarum, Raii. 152. La Pie des Antilles, Biif. iii. 101, 129. Persian Pie, Will. Engl. 132. § vi. parag. 2d. Caribbean Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 395. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill red ; head and neck blue ; the latter surrounded with a white collar; from the base of the bill, passing • In the PI. enlum. \L CROW. 29 behind the neck, quite to the back, is a white mark, an inch broad, and three long, transversely barred with black ; back and scapulars ferruginous; rump and upper tail coverts yellow; under parts of the body white ; lesser wing coverts chestnut ; the middle ones green, with the edges deeper coloured ; greater coverts blue, with white edges and shafts ; quills blue green ; tail long and cuneiform, the two middle feathers exceed the outer ones by eight or ten inches ; colour blue, striated with white; legs red. The female diners in wanting the transverse stripes on the white mark at the back of the head, and the wing coverts green instead of blue. Said to inhabit the Caribbee Islands, and to be common about the rivers of Guadaloupe ; but according to Ray, is a bird of Persia. It certainly bears much resemblance to the two last described. 20.- RUFOUS CROW. Corvus rufus, Ind. Orn. i. 161. Baud ii. 245. Shawns Zool. vii. 368. Coracias vagabuudus, Ltd. Orn. i. 171. Baud. ii. 265. Shawns Zool. vii. 3»7. LaPierousse, Levail. Ois. pi. 59. Grey-tailed Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 112. Rufous Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 112. LENGTH sixteen or seventeen inches. Bill strong, black, rather bent and not notched; tongue bifid; nostrils covered with bristles; iridesred; head and neck black, tinged with brown ; body and tail coverts reddish brown ; wings black, with a broad grey stripe, which mcludes the greater and smaller wing coverts near the body, and the outer webs of four or five of the second quills ; under wing coverts dirty white, tmged wich brown ; tail long, consisting of twelve feathers and is greatly cuneiform ; the outmost scarcely three inches ong, the two middle ones ten inches in the whole, but stand out beyond any of the others at least four inches; all the feathers are 9 ■mfi, Til -! i •it : i ,1 Is i I: ■■■ ! "t- I' « 30 CROW. grey, and have the ends deeply tipped with black; I'iie wings when closed, reach about one-fifth thereon ; legs black. Inhabits India, found near Calcutta, but not very common; is called by the Bengalese, Harri Chacha ; the women imagine when- ever they hear this bird calling, that it forebodes the approach of religious mendicants, who, by partaking in the fare prepared for the family, will clear the pots used in cooking ; from which circumstance its native name is derived ; builds on large trees, and more than one at it time is seldom observed. I owe the above to Dr. Buchanan. It may be supposed to vary ; as that described from Lady Impey's drawings had the breast and belly ash-colour ; middle of the wings white ; in these drawings the name given to it is the Vagabond. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, I observe three or four different representations, varying considerably from ear h other, in the different shades of brown, though the g*^neial >;3wi ,'i of colours is the same; in one which appears to be most com|/Jfc;te, the t\vf> middle tail feathers are double the length of the others. The name given to it in the Persian tongue is Makoka ;* is called also Laut. In another specimen the feathers round the 11 and chin are deeper black than the rest ; bend of the wing yellow. One figured in Col. Havdwick«'s fine collection of Drawings of Indian birds, was sixteen inches long, said to be a male, had a lead- coloiwed bill, with a black point ; the two middl tail feathers ex- ceeded the rest by three inches, were pale ash from the base to as far as the ends of the adjoining, then white for near two inches, and finally black fbi'more than one inch; the side feathers white for th ■ greater part from the base, then black, wif^i the ends white, but the black occupying ntost space on the outer feathers. * Tlie Aiitiguan Coucal also bears tljis name. i I IS CROW. 31 Inhabits India. The name Kereyli ; drawn at Futteyghur, in December; and, as in another drawing, the date of it is in August, it is probable that these birds are permanent in the neighbourhood the year through. A.— La Pie lousse de la Cliine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 186. pi. 136. Rufous Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. S4. Size of a Blackbird. Bill bhick ; irides rufous yellow ; head ami neck brown, the last paler; breast and belly rufous white; oack and rump yellowish, inclining to rufous ; lesser wing coverts dirty rufous ; the others pale grey ; second quills grey, witliin brown ; primaries brownish black ; tail cuneiform, grey ; the two middle feathers brown at the ends ; the others grey as far as the middle, the rest of the length brown, with white tips ; legs black. Inhabits China. 21.— IMAGPIE. 162. Lin. i. 157; Faun. Suec: No. 92, G'/«. Lin. i. 37:3. Scop. Ann. i. No. 41. Brun. No, 32. Sepp. Vog. t. p. 3. Faun. aruLi Corvus Pica, Lid, Orn. i Ph. Trans. Ixii. 387, Raii p. 41. A. 1. Will. 87. t. 19. Georgi, 165. Kram. 335. Fuun.arag. p. 72. Frisch. t. 58. Bris. ii. 35. Id. 8vo. i. 164. Gerin.u. t. 155. Borowsk. ii. 109. Sch(sf. el. t. 56. Daud. ii. 237. Klein. Av: p. 60. Id. Stem. p. 10. t. 12. f. 1. a. b. c. Id. Ou. t. S. f. 3. Shato's Zool. vii. 369. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 35. f. 2. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 73. Id. Ed. ii. p. 113. Aflster, Gnnth. Nest. U. Ey. t. 53. Bcchst. Deutsch. ii. 402. Gazza con la Coda lunga, Zinnan. Uov. t. 10. f. 57. Europaisch E' s Naturf. ix. s. 44. S'^hmid Vog. p. 46. t. 30. La Pie, Buf. iii. 85. 7. PI. enl. 488. Magpie, Pianet, Gen. Syn. i. 392. 29. Id. Sup. p. 80. Id. Sup. ii, p. 113. Zool. i. No, 78. Id. Fol. p. 77. t. D. 2. Id. 1812. p. 289. Arct. Zool. ii 136. Alb. i. pl. 15. Will. Engl. 127. pl. 19, Hayes pi, 8. Bewick, i, pl. p. 75. Lewin, pl. 39. Id. Eggs, pl, vii. f. 3. Donov. iv. 05. Wakot, i. pl. 39. Graves Br. Orn. Orn. Diet. Sf Supp. LENGTH eighteen inches ; extent of wing twenty-two ; weight eight or nine ounces. Bill black ; irides hazel ; scapulars, and all Br. No. ' '' '. '■ -I *?■' ■k^- ■ I •.:■ i-!^ 1 !■• ;■•■ 32 CROW. the under parts from the breast, white; the rest of the plumage, wings, and tail black, glossed with green, purple, and blue as opposed to various lights ; the eleven first quills are white in the middle on the inner web, lessening by degrees as they advance inwards ; the tail very cuneiform, the two middle feathers near eleven inches long ; the outer only five inches and half ; legs black. The above is the description of a bird in the highest plumage in the wild state, but when domesticated, and kept in a cage, the colours lose their brilliancy, and appear to be merely black and white, and the latter far from pure ; in short, in its state of nature, we must confess, that our kingdom does not possess a more beautiful species. The Magpie is very common in England, and feeds both on animal and vegetable substances, frequently killing young ducks and chickens, ar^^ mucking the eggs; will sometimes pick out the eyes of lambs, hares, . s, &c. if weak ; also eats insects, fruits, and even grain, when disn* :ied for food ; makes a large oval nest, of sticks of black-thorn intermixed, having a cover at top, composed of the latter, with a lining of earth, and fibres at bottom : this is built both on high trees, and low shrubs ;* the eggs six or seven, of a pale greenish colour, thickly spotted with black : is a crafty bird : when brought up young, becomes familiar ; will tdk many sentences, and imitate, like the Parrot, every noise it hears, but in a less distinct manner. This species is seen more or less throughout Europe : no where more common than in the temperate and southern latitudes of Russia, Siberia, and Kamtschatka, as well as in the adjacent Islands. — Forster met with it at Madeira ; Russel at Aleppo ; t and Georgi about the Lake Baikal. It is also seen in Chinese drawings ; and I once saw a specimen from thence, the same as ours, but a trifle smaller. — It certainly is a native of America, and though it very seldom approaches the settlements, is to be found in the interior paits * Hence the distinction of Tree and Bush Magpie, supposed two different sorts, t Hilt. Alep. p. 69. 1 CROW. m all seasons. One caught at York Fort, in a martin trap, was thought a rarity, as the circumstance had not happened for twenty years before. I find that it is called at Hudson's Bay, by some of the Indians, Oue-ta-kee-aske, or Heart-Bird ; by others, She-pecum memewuck.^^ We have observed several Varieties; viz. wholly whitef— black and white in streaksj— white and soot-colour ; witli other deviations from nature. § Camden || observes, that Magpies found in the Isle of Man, did not inhabit it originally, but were carried there. . 22.— NEW-CALEDONIAN MAGPIE. Corvus Caledoiiicus, Ind. Om. Sup. xxv. Magpie of New-Caledonia, JD'Entrecusteux's Voy. ii. 22G, pi. 35. Gen. Sun Sup ii 110. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill black and stout, the end for one-third yellowish, and slightly notched ; head black, the feathers of it silky, and the webs loose; round the eye somewhat bare; whole of the neck white, and a little of the same in the middle of the belly; but the general colour of the plumage otherwise black ; tail very cuneiform, formed as in the Magpie, the two middle feathers eleven inches long, the next on each side nine, diminishing regularly to the outer ones, which measure no more than three inches and a half, legs dusky. ' Inhabits the woods of New-Caledonia, described from a specimen in the collection of Mr. Thompson, of St. Martin's Lane, London. ♦ Mr. Hutchins. f Mus. Carls, t. 53. + Lev. Mus. § Viz. an old bird of a dun-colour, with the wing coverts, breast, and belly white; also three from one nest wholly cream-colour, with white bills ; and a fourth from the same nest of the common hue — See Gen, Syn. Sup. ii. p. 113. II Magpies have been lately introduced, as well as Frogs.— GoujrA'i Camd Brit r> 699. Vol. 3. e e . p. TOL. III. p i a I ;H' •V I M J'! ! 'T; i 5 I J' if ]•;. 34 CROW. 23— CHANGEABLE CROW. Corvns varians, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvi. Phrenotrix Tetnia, Lin. Trans. \m. p. 1G5. Horsf. Zool. Rei. No. 1.— plate of the Bird. Id. pi. of bills, N. a. b. Le Teiuia, Levail. Oit. ii. p. 22; pi. 56. Daud. n. 244. Shaw't Zool. vli. 372. Changeable Crow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 119. 8IZE of the Song Thrush, but longer. Bill black ; general colour of the plumage black, and the texture of the feathers delicate and soft ; those round the base of the bill to the eye and chin stiff and short, similar to black velvet ; but on the rest of the bird appear glossed with green and purple in different lights ; the tail greatly cuneifonn, composed of ten feathers, the four middle ones of equal lengths, exceeding the rest of the body, being seven inches long, the others lessen by degrees to the outer, which are very short and broad, colour of the four middle^'ones black, glossed with green ; the others black, but with a gloss of green only on the outer webs ; legs black. This was received from Batavia, but where it originally came from, quite uncertain. The bill in shape is thick, and not unlike that of the Beef-eater, which may lead to think, that in manners it may somewhat resemble that bird. In Java, known by the name of Chekitiit, or Benteot. Inhabits Java, v^here it is not uncommon, but is ur.t a familiar bird, never approaching the villages and habitations like many others ; for the most part found near solitary hamlets, situated in tracts re- cently cleared for cultivation, where its food is supplied in abundance, by the insects contained in the rich mould, and by the wild fruit trees about the skirts. — In Dr. Horsfield's figure the four middle tail feathers are not equal in length, but those on each side of the two middle ones are shorter, as in the Magpie. -. - In Mr. Bullock's Museum was one greatly similar, in which the colour of the plumage was glossy black, inclining to brown on the ■.4\ 'ii CROW. as Ijack ; beneath very dark brown, the two middle tail feathers seven niches and half long, the exterior only two inches. The win^s reach one-fourth on the tail. This said to have been broni^ht from Java 24.— VELVET-FACED CRO^V. LENGTH twelve inches and half Bill black, remarkably stout and the upper mandible bending as in the Ani ; the base of it antl round the eye, the whole face, and chin covered with black velvet- bke feathers; plumage wholly deep bottle-green. Tail five inches and a half long, cuneiform, black, having in some lights, a gloss of purple; legs rather long, stont, and black, claws long and hooked Native place uncertain-supposed New-Holland .-Gen. Davies One not unlike the above, in Mr. Francillon's possession, had the plumage slaty-grey, instead of bottle-green. A similarone,inMr. Harrisons collection, was twelve inches Ion- ni this the plumage was glossy black ; the bill and legs ba^h palT Ihis last came from New-Holland. These seem greatly allied to the Changeable, or last Species. 25. -PLUSH-FACED CROW. LENGTH twelve inches. Rill black, stout, and rather curved • the nostrils, and all round incircling the eyes, covered with black feathers like plush, or velvet ; plumage otherwise deep bottle-gree^ scapulars edged with rufous; from thence a rufous band, about half an inch broad, extends across the back; prime quills bbck wit pale margms; tail seven inches long, cuneiform, the feathers broadest at the extremities; colour deep muddy, blackish green, appearing undulated on the outer webs; legs black, not veiy stout. ^^ ^ F 2 06 CROW. Native place uncertain. I observe one in the drawings of Mr. Woodford, which was without the rufous band. This maj' be ])robably allied to the foregoing, but the one here described differs greatly in the bill, this being considerably stouter and shorter than in the Changeable Species; though in the plush-like feathers round it, and the colour of the plumage not greatly differing. ■■"^ I? !l ?(j IH 26.— INDIGO CROW. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill one inch long, stout, pale yellow horn-colour, under mandible darker beneath ; the nostrils, forehead between the bill and eye, and the chin, covered with short, downy, plush-like, black feathers ; the rest of the plumage in geneml like tliat of a Crow, the feathers inclining to purple on the margins, especially on the back ; but those on the under parts are edged with the gloss of steel ; scapulars, and part of the wing coverts, purplish black, with deep margins of steel blue ; quills black ; the tail thiee inches long, nearly even ai the end, the two middle feathers blue- black, the others much the same, margined with steel-blue ; the wings, when closed, reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs stout, scaly, and brownish yellow. Inhabits New-Holland. ' if;r 27.— RUFOUS-BREASTED CROW. LENGTH seven inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, pale, the base of the upper, and beneath the under mandible, dusky ; the face quite round the bill covered with velvety tufted feathers, occu- pying the whole chin, and concealing the nostrils ; besides which are several hairs half as long as the bill, which is a little bent at the end. !. CROW. 37 and somewhat indented ; the head, neck, upper parts, wings, and tail pale cinereous grey ; breast, belly, thighs, and vent fine rufous ; (juills and tail dusky, edged outwardly with grey, the last of a moderate length, even at the end, and the quills reach just beyond the base; legs slender, black, claws crooked. Native place unknown. — Gen. Davies. • 28.— PACIFIC CROW. Corvus pacificus, I„d. Orn. i. 157. Gm. Lin. i. 372. Daud. ii. 23C. Shaw's Zooi vii. 354. Pacific Crow, Gen. Si/n. i. 383. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill bent at the end, with a notch near the tip, and black; plumage cinereous, paler beneath, with a tinge of reddish brown ; forehead and throat cinereous white '. ainong the feathers of the latter some slender hairs ; hind head and nape dusky black : quills blackish, with dirty white tips; tail black, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white ; legs black. Inhabits the South Seas.— Place unknown. 29.— TROPIC CROW. Corvus tropicus, Ind. Orn. i. 157 vii. 355. Tropic Crow, Gen. Sj/n. i. 384. Cook's Last Voy. iii. 119 } Gm. Lin. i. 372. Daud. ii. 237. Shaw's Zool. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter long, rather broad at the base, and the tips of both mandibles notched • plumage glossy black, more dull beneath ; wings and tail black' glossed with green, the last rounded ; vent and sides tipped with dusky white ; legs black. From Owhyhe-one of the Sandwich Islands in the South Seas. •^ ^1 \\% 'III 'Mi I 1% 38 CROW. 30— AUSTRALASIAN CROW SIZE of a Crow. Bill large, curved the whole of its leni^th to the point, as in the Cornish Chough ; plumage in general black and glossy, the feathers of the head short ; the wings reach one-third on the tail, which is cuneiform, or greatly rounded in shape at the end ; legs stout, made like those of a Crow. Inhabits New-Holland : in the collection of Mr. Brogden, antl in that of the Linnaean Society. ' It 31.— SYDNEY CROW. SIZE of a Jackdaw. Bill as in the Magpie, but not quite equal in strength, and somewhat bent ; tip of the upper mandible brown : general colour of the plumage black ; some of the inner lesser quills white ; tail much rounded ; legs stout and black. In Mr. Bullock's Museum, from New-Holland. Shot at Sydney. 32 — BLUE CROW. Corvus cyanus, Ind. Orn. i. 159. Gm. Lin. i. 373, Pallas It. iii. G94. J)aud. ii. '23S. Shaw's Zool. vii. 362. Nat. Misc. pi. 829. Corvus nielanocephalus, Daud. ii. 241. Pie l)leue A tele noire, Levail. Ois. ii. pi. 58. Blue Crow, (Jen. Si/n. i. 394. Id. Sup. ii. 111. SIZE small ; length from eight to twelve inches. Bill black ; top of the head to the nape glossy deep black ; body ash-coloui\ paler beneath ; wings and tail most beautiful blue ; the last very long and cuneiform, in shape like that of a Magpie^ the feathers white I lii: CROW. 39 Jit the end ; legs black.— In M. Levaillanfs plate the head feathers are elongated, forming a pointed crest, and the whole of the head below the eyes, as well as the chin black ; the body inclining to blue above, and wings and tail fine blue ; tail of twelve feathers. This species migrates from the Mongolian Deserts and China, only into that part of the Russian Dominions which lies to the South of Lake Baikal. M. Levaillanfs specimen came from China. 33— SENEGAL CROW. Corvus Sencgaleiisis, Ind. Orn. i. 163. Lin. i. 158. Gm. Lin. i. 374. Shaw't Zool. vii. 371. Corvus Afer, Lin. i. 157. Cm. Lin. i. 375. PicaSenegttleiisis, Bris. ii. 40. t. 3. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 166. Corvus P'mpiac, Baud. ii. 239. Levail. Ois. ii. pi. 54; Pie du Senetral, Biif. iii, 97. PL cnl. 538. Sui.egal Crow, Gen.Syh.u 394. Id. Sup. W. 114. LENGTH fourteen inches, size of a Magpie. Bill black; plnniage in general violet black above, dusky bbck beneath ; quills and tail brown, in shape cuneiform ; the two middle feathere seven inches loiio, the outei four, all of them edged with violet black; legs l)lack. Inhabits Senegal : found also at the Cape of Good Hope. The males have the tail much longer than the females ; perches on high trees, sometimes twenty together ; builds on the tops of the higliest; and, like the Magpie, defends the nest with thorns, only leaving one opening ; lays from six to eight white eggs, spotted with l>n>wn, most so at the larger end ; seen in the inward parts of the Cape, but rarely, if ever, at the Cape itself, called Pia piac from its ory.— M. Levaillant mentions a singularity in one of the tail feathers liavmg two shafts arising from one quill, one of these entirely without webs, but whether a lusus naturce,^ or peculiar to the species, is by * I have a common goose quill which branches out into two shafts. «' m W I II' ! r. Wliit' -eartd Jay, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 83. SIZE of the blue Jay, length eleven inches. Bill black ; irides yellowish ; the feathers round the base of the bill, the throat, and fore part ot the neck black ; top of the head bluish «sii-colour, and the feathers elongated ; between the black and ash-colour on the forehead; a few white feathers ; on the ears a large patch of white; the colour of the bod , , wing coverts, and tail cinereous brown ; quills blackish, edged v;ith grey; tail four inches long, rounded at the end; and bends downwards ; legs pale brown. Inhabits China; coiiimon at Canton: seen in llocks in Dean's Island, Wanipoo River, picking up food on the nind of the shore. I 1 f I J irii!' A. — Length twelve inches and a half Bill one inch, stout, and black ; the base above covered with short velvet-like feathers, tending to the eye on each side ; behind this, across the forehead, a narrow white crescent ; the rest of the head above, the nape, and hind [lart of neck deep lead or ash-colour ; beneath the eye on each side a large patch of white feathers, covering the jaws, and meeting together on ihe base of the under inaudible ; the rest of the plumage, nings, and tail brownish olive, but the outer edj^^s of the great quills grey ; tail rounded, two inches and three quarters long; legs black. inhabits China, and is probably a variety of the White-eared Jay. said to be remarkable for its singing. "^ CROW. 4i} 39— WHITE-CHEEKED CROW. Corvus olivaceus, Fnd. Orn. Sup. xxvi. White-jheeked Crow, Gen. St/n. Sup. i\. 118. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch long, .nrved and dusky, base bristly, and the nostrils half covered with feathers ; irides straw- colour; crown black, the feathers elongated; the rest of the head and neck before to the breast black ; on each jaw a large white patch : and on the chin and middle of the breast some inixture of while ; all the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail olive-green ; (juills rusty brown ; tail cuneiform, dusky, the two middle feathers six inches long, the outmost only three and a half; tlie two outer feathers tippcl with white; the wings reach one-third on the tail; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland ; differs from the White-eared Jay, in n(»t having the forehead whitish, nor does the white patch come so near the eye as in that bird; besides, the tail being cmieiform, forbids lurther comparison. A.— Size of the former. Bill compressed on the sides; nostrils imperfectly covered with reflected bristles, colour black; pluma-e m general much as in the other ; a large patch of white extending the whole length of the mider jaw ; feathers of the throat frinoed with white ; breast, and beneath reddish brown, marbled on 'the loriiier with black and white ; tail as in :iN^. 44 CROW. tongue bifid ; irides white; plumage on the upper parts brownish olive, the shaft of each feather marked with a narrow whitisli streak ; under parts of the body dusky white, marked with numerous darker crescents, appearing like waves ; more cl 3se on the chin, throat, and brea..; wings and tail brown ; inside ot the wing coverts yellowish, marked with black ; of the quills plain, pale yellow half way from the base ; shafts of the quills and tail feathers yellowish, the latter five inches long, even at the end ; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; legs brown, one inch and a half long, the outer and middle toe united at the base ; claws stout. Inhabits New- Holland. — In the collection of Gen. Davies. Another specimen was one inch shorter, tL under parts yellowish olive ; each feather margined with darker olive, but on the chin, and neck before the colours seem indistinctly blended, or clouded. In a third specimen, hi the collection of Mr. Harrison, the chin is plain yellowish white. i :i -1 41.— NEW-GUINEA CROW. Corvus novs Guineie, Ind. Orn. i. 156. Gm. Lin. i. 371. Daud. ii. 235. Shaw'i Zool. vii. 354. Le Choucas de la nouvelle Guinee, Buf. iii. 80. PI. enl. 629. Echenilleur, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixii. New-Guinea Crow, Gen. Si/n. i. 381. i m. iltl it- I, Ii SIZE of a Jackdaw ; length twelve inches. Bill strong, black- ish : forehead, all round the bill, black, passing in a streak through the eyes, and a little behind them; head, neck, back, and upper part of the breast, dark ash-colour ; wings dusky, edged with white ; lower part of the breast, the belly, and vent, the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts white, transversely barred with black ; tail black ; legs short, and dusky. Inhabits New-Guinea. CROW. 45 A.~/Md. Orn. i. 156. 14. /3. Gen. St/n. Sup. 78. No. 13. This variety is thirteen inches long : irides reddish ; head and neck bluish ash-colour ; upper part of the body and wings the same, but darker; the eye in a bed of black, lengthening behind as in the other ; breast, belly, and vent pale ferruginous ; quills and tail dusky : the last pretty long, and rounded at the end ; legs red-brown, scaly, and rough. Native place uncertain. On comparing the above with the fol- lowing, or Papuan Crow ; it seems not improbable that they may be Varieties of one of the same species. 42.— PAPUAN CROW. Corvus Papuensis, Ind. Orn. i. 157. Baud. ii. 236. Shaw's Zool. vii. 354. Choncari de h nouvelle Guinee, Btif. iii. 81. PI. enl. 630. Echenilleur, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixiii— female. Papuan Crow, Gen. Syn. i. 382. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill stout and black, top of the upper mandible somewhat an^ular ; at the base a few hairs, covering the nostrils ; from thence to the eye a broad black streak ; upper parts of plumage fine bl rrey, beneath dusky-white, crossed with dusky narrow streaks on the belly, and vent ; tail five inches and half long, blue grey; quills darker, uiid reach on the tail more than one-third,- legs dusky blue. One supposed to ditier in sex, is much tl same as to colour, but the trace to the eye less distinct, the under parts from the chin to the belly crossed with fine dusky streaks ; the belly and vent are plain dusky white. Inhabits New Guinea. I find both t^e above well figured among Sir J. Anstruther's drawings of the birus of India, and the name there ''mmmmm p m? . ''I 1 r :i 1 i; it] 'i , hI i'i'l ' .■,fl 46 CROW. given is Cuperssooa. Also in the drawings of Coi. Hardwicke, which say, that they are called in Oude, Bessera ; and that the male weighs two ounces and three quarters, the female two and a quarter. Ano- ther figure in the last named drawings had the bill more strait ; general colour of the plumage as in the female, barred wholly beneath, but the bars less numerous ; lesser wing coverts blue grey, middle of the wing white, outer parts and quills black with pale fringes; one or more of the outer tail feathers white on the outer webs. Found at Cawnpore. — From the above description we may sup- pose that these birds are subject to much variety. -^ s 4*: i .>'.'3 ■'••if m k: ! i; I.V i ■I oh 'Hi i'.\'y "I m 4.3.— BLACK-FACED CROW. Corvus melanops, Ind. Orn, S? >. xxiv. Echeuilleur, Te)>i. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixi.— male Black-faced Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 110. LENGTH twelve inches ; size of the Jay. Hill black, broad at the base, and stout, one inch or more in length, slijirp-ridged, and furnished with a l^'W bristles; tongue rountled at the end ; whole face from the nostrils, forehead, chin, and throat black ; plumage in general bluish ash-colour, paler beneath ; under wing coverts, belly, and vent white ; quills ])lackish, with pale edges; tail six inches and a half long, dusky black, the t\v lUiddle feathers |)lain, (he others tipped white, with most white on the outer ones; legs thisky blue black. Inhabits New-Holland, and there called Kai-a-lora, Said to be a bird of prey. Among the drawings of Mr. Lambert is one with a bill apparently more stout ; the head black for a greater space beyond the eyes, and the plumage darker in general ; tail of one colour. One, in the collection of (len. Davies, had the black occupying half way on the neck before, and all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs black ; toes cloven to their origin. Said to be the male of the last. 1 ■I •^ ! CROW. 47 I ■s 4 ■A 44.— BLACK-BREASTED CROW. Corvus metanogaster, Ind. Om. Sup. xxv. Blaok-breusted Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 371. SMALLER than the last ; length ten inches. Bill black, with a minute notch at the tip ; upper parts of the plumage from the crown to the tail coverts, and the wings, fine pale blue grey ; face beyond the eyes, chin, throat, and breast black ; the rest of the under parts white ; outer part of the wing and quills black, edged with white ; tail ami legs black. Inhabits Port Jackson ; has much affinity to the last. One of these, in the collection of Lord Stanley, is one inch hjnger, and the nostrils, and sides of the head, taking in the eyes, black ; beneath, to the breast, the feathers fringed on the margins with whitish, and on the chin much more so, as to appear altogether grey ; breast and sides white, transversely barred with narrowlblack lines, two on each feather; under wing coverts, belly, and vcnf pure white ; tail about half the length of the bird, and somewhat forked, the outer feather being a trifle the longest; the quills reach abou^ three-fifths on the tail ; legs black, weaker in proportion than in the Black-taced Crow, yet may probably be a further variety. 45.— W HITE-NAPED CROW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill one inch and a quarter lon.o stout, strait, except at the end, where it is a trifle curved; nostrils elongated, colour pale blue, with a dusky tip; tongue short, pointed- plumage merely black and white; back part of the neck, lower half of the back and rump, the belly and vent white; on the wing coverts a long, curved, broad, white streak ; the tail, which is 48 CROW. rounded at the end, white for three-fourths of the length from the base; the rest at the end black ; the remaining part of the plumage is also black ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits New South Wales. — In the collection of Mrs. Sherard. Known there by the name of Darrung. — General Davies. 46.— WHITE-CROWNED CROW. Corvus leucolophus, White-crowned Crow, Lin. Trans. yo\.x'\. 208. pi. 15. LENGTH eleven inches and three quarters ; size of a Jackdaw. Bill one inch and a quarter long from the gape, and black ; on each side of the upper mandible four or five black hairs; nostrils small, oval, not covered, but the short feathers of the front turn forwards, and approach very near them ; forehead black, passing to the eye, and just surrounding it above, but beneath proceeding as a streak behind it for more than half an inch ; the rest of the head, neck, and breast white ; feathers of the crown longer than the rest, so as to form a fine crest, and stand nearly upright ; the rest of the body, v/ings, and tail, ferruginous brown, and between the white on the neck and the brown, a band of rufous, surrounding the bird ; tail four inches long, even, the feathers rounded at the end : the quills reach very little beyond the base ; legs stout, pale ash-colour ; claws large, black, the hind one much larger than the others. Inhabits India, by the name of Rawil-Khuy, or Rawil-Kuhy. General Hardwicke. By the English is called the Laughing Crow ; they assemble in numbers from twenty to fifty, and make a noise exactly resembling many persons laughing together. ITiis bird is common in the forests between Hurdwar and Sireenagur ; it feeds on the fruits which it there meets with. ** I CROW. 49 « 4 47. -BLUE AND WHITE CROW. Corvus cyanoleucos, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxv. Blue and white Crow, Gen, Si/n. Sup.W. 117. RATHER smaller than a Magpie. Bill yellow brown, formed somewhat as in the Thrush, with very few bristles at the base, and less stout than in the Crow Tribe; the forehead, chin, and throat white; breast, j. id all beneath the same ; from behind the eye a streak of white, growing broader as it passes down on each side of the neck, at the bottom of which it bends forward to join the breast ; to]) of the head, all the neck behind, to beyond the middle of the back, deep blue; wings brownish blue, the ends of the quills brown ; the inner half of the wing coverts white, forming a broad streak ; lower part of the back, the rump, and tail white, but the ends of the feathers of the last are deep blackish blue; on the two middle ones to about one-third, oc^^pying less of the feathers as they are more outward; tail rather long, even at the end, and the wings reach to about three-fourths of it; legs brown. Inhabits Neiv South Wales, there called Karrock, met with in April. It is esteemed a rare species. 48.— BLACK AND WHITE CROW. Corvus melanoleuciis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxv. Black and white Crow, Gcn.Sj/n.Sup.n. 117. SIZE of the last; length twenty inches. Bill and legs dusky black ; irides bluish ; chin, throat, middle of the gieater quills, rump, vent, and middle of all but the two centre tail feathers, white; the rest of the plumage black. Inhabits New South Wales, chiefly seen in May. TOL. III. H 50 CROW. " ■ r' * if ir 49— HOTTENTOT CROW. Corvus Hottentottus, Jnd.Orn.'x. 156. Lin.i. 155. Gm.Lin.'x. 364. Bor, Nat.W. 103. Daud. ii. 234. Thunb. Trav. ii. p. 11. Shaiv's Zool. vii. 351. Moiicdula Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 33. t. 2. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 263. C.'eriii. ii. 30. t. US. Clioucus moustache, Buf. iii. 70. PI. enl. 220. Hottentot Crow, Gen. Syn, u 880. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length eleven inches and a quarter. Bill black, a little bent, about the nostrils feathers like black velvet ; above them arise some long hairs, above three inches in length, and others shorter, and stiff like bristles, at the corners of the mouth ; the feathers on the head, throat, and neck shining black green ; those on the upper part of the neck narrow, and longer than the rest, falling- over the back, and waving with every motion thereof; the rest of the plumage greenish black, appearing in some lights blue ; legs black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. — M. Thunberg saw these sitting on the backs of cows at Honingklipp, and picking the ticks from them ; they are also accustomed to take the wheat out of the field, immediately after it is sown. r. M: ^l# 50.— SIX-SHAFTED ^ ROAV. Corvus crinitus, Daud, ii. 253. sexsetaceus, Shatv's Zool. v'u. p. 380. Le Sicrin, Lecail. Afr. ii. 127. pi. 82. THIS, in make, shape, and size, resembles the Alpine Crow. Bill yellow, inclining to orange about the nostrils, which are not quite cowered with hairs; feathers of the head soft, and elongated into a sort of crest ; the plumage in general glossy black, varying in some lights to green on the wings and tail ; over the eyes ferruginous. ii v«/. ii. t. 148. Bill Ivet; aiul the e on ling ,| tlie ^k. ting M roni ski, '' p^ . w ill te a le 'fi r .iM ,\ Vi r. 'Jit I .■V. m dl ' lit J : I p H iff ■ ^ ■ l# fii 'I ii' I m. " \w I'l.Xl.. ' y/j// //^f r^^ f^',f I i<« ' »l !^ ^ ■m t ROM . •« lM)un«l»iig \\iv ^uuler part oi' tht: cr«st : tV«>m bclnjaii (li«^ »^ve r>t» «udi *»iilt' . 'piin/r ihn^t^ louu, uaked ?-liatl*, ^tiding in pojMt-», tlW? sIhm-K'mI sevtM inclies iu l«n;tftl», tlie secols*! icn iochts, ii«if tlii'tl so ii»ng as to reaoii stiveu i»i\. ( mSIIN \ < ii(>\V !\ 'f I ■t .IJCJSTi'rfl twelM- inrh«rs iiiiil ;t !fiih Bill n\on- i\\.tM 'n)-.' inch liiliff. la«-k 'mits puijfci o\e»' ?!!• JiwsJril.- aini liupt' ; l»:iillb r> !.»( t]ii- UiHii evrut. a»!<' rr<»ni tlicfri [uuon! niilit 'n liHif l<»u,u IjliJi'k l>r)'«tk ' . \^lii) !j l;;iii^ down .>ii liic sli'.ujlih !'^ : c ^n r(>s\ii: th<.' {h'Im' ;ti)»l iicck !t;ttln'f.«; nari'-w, ;niJ .n.unJH;;iN <• ; a'enerai col»'ur •. :iiul !t«\'anls tlu^ point »-,iru<.' i^'i n.prfsf lived .i-< of a '•hiiiiti^ !)l,uk *»l.>(n% '.viiii ;j ( jv>» aiiioni' rif BamlnK.-,, hvH(o i;; p-aii's. and fcediniJi: on in- f-cts- : nnuaiiis t)>< sr ifuor.ich'tUi th<: Near.— Mr. (' SyMii't. obst 't^^, tiiar. \i is th«Mv ouij.a! bear am ■■cielit. >■ - f >. A, K '■% 1 j > . ^ J , 'v i * i '. ■Vf' ■\t:: ,^'l'f ft. ,1. - 1 U;^ W" »"' ■ • M >>•* m m^ n^ ■Jv:^ CROW. 51 bounding the under part of the crest ; iVoni Ijehind tlie eye on each side, spring three long, naked sliafts, ending in points, the shortest seven inches in lengtii, the second ten inches, and the tiiird so long as to reach seven inches beyond the tail ; these are black; but the ends are more or less rutbus; legs dusky black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.— M. Levaillant met with two specimens, but could never rind the Hottentot Crow, from all his enquiries. 51.— CUISHNA CROW.— Pl. xl. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill more than one inch long, cultrated, highly bent, and notchetl near the end ; tongue edged with bristles ; several black ones project over the nostrils and gape ; feathers of the front erect, and from them proceed eight or nine long black bristles, which hang down on the shoulders ; irides dark brown ; the head and neck feathers narrow, and acuminated ; general colour of the plumage black, glossed in parts with green and blue ; second and third quills nearly of equal length, the first rather shorter; tail forked, consisting often feathers, bent towards the sides, the outmost six inches long, has a very narrow outer web, and towards the point turned up spirally ; legs black. This is the Crishna Uai, and Kishen Kai of the Bengalese, and an enemy to the connuon Crow; is named Crishna after one of the Hindu Deities, who is represented as of a shining black colour, with a crest on his head, having been a great warrior. It is common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta,'"' and builds among the Bamboos, living in pairs, and feeding on insects ; remains there throughout the year. — Mr. Cook, Surgeon, of Sylliet, observes, that it is there called * And probably in that of the Kristna, a river of Hindustan, if similarity of sound can hear anv weigiit. H 2 ^mm IBT 52 CROW. m^ Bujunga and Caprage, and that it imitates the voice of other birds, though the natives do not allovt' of it. Mr. C. add that in the cold season it visits the high mountains, but returns to die plains of Sylhet at the commencement of the rains.* Among the drawings of the late Sir J. Anstruther, I observed two of these birds, inswering to the general description. From the forehead, spring twelve or more bristles near three inches long, falling ba< kwards on the shoulders ; irides red ; in one the neck feathers appear curled, and silky, with a green linge; but those of the chin and throat have a gloss of blue; hence we may suppose the two iilosses to r^rise from different reflections of light, but the general colour in both black, tinged with green, perhaps arisi.ig from sex. 52.- PURPLE-HEADED CROW. Corvus puvp'i rascens, Ind. Orn. i. 161. Daiid. ii. 251. Shaw's Zool. vii. 308. Piirple-headcii Ciow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 83. HILL lesid-colour ; nostrils covered with feathers; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale rufous, beneath yellow, inclining to purple on the head ; quills and tail black, the last rather long ; leji's flesh-colour. Inhabits China. — From the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill. 63.— MACAO CROW. Corvns Sinensis, Ind.Om.'i. 161. Daud.Vi. 244. Shato't Zool. vVi. 369. Pie de Macao, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 187. Macao Crow, Gen. St/n Sup. p. 84. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half Bill one inch and a quarter, stout, black, rather bent at the point ; irides yellowish ; * From the pupers of Dr. Buchanan.— The Philippine Slirike is also known at IliiuJustaii, by the name of Bujuiiga. W\ "'m& CROW. 53 'S' whole face, including the eyes, black ; hind part of the head, nape, and neck fine ash-colour; chin, throat, sides of the neck and breast, brown ; back the same, growing pale ash-colour towards the rump ; belly and thighs paler ash ; vent pale red ; wings black, about the middle an irregular white spot ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers seven inches long, and ash-coloured ; the others black, shortening by degrees, the outer one being only four inches and a half; legs black. Inhabits India : common also about Macao, in China ; chatters like a Magpie ; is apt to vary much in plumage. 1. 54.— PLAIN CROW. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch long, a little compressed, with a slight notch at the tip, and a few hairs at the base ; nostrils covered with reflected bristles ; the crown, and below the eye on each side ash-colour ; body above dusky black brown, towards the rump asli-cojoiir ; back and wings rufous brown; beneath dusky white ; chin and throat streaked with ash-colour ; tail four inches long, even at the end, and with its coverts ash-colour ; quills dusky with pale edges ; legs black ; the quills reach halfway on the tail. Place and manners unknown. a 55.— HUNTING CROW. jLENGTH thirteen inches. Bill strong, upper mandible crooked at the tip ; colour orange ; at the base, above the gape, fine black bristles ; nostrils covered with reflected feathers ; tongue cleft ; eyelids orange ; irides crimson ; general colour of the plumage sky-blue, with a tinge of verdigrise on the belly and sides ; through each eye u I! 1 •'f if 4 m 64 CROW. to the nape a broad black band ; the feathers of the crown elongated, so as to form a crest at will ; quills dusky, with an obscure, gilded gloss, and a few next the body liave white tips ; lesser wing coverts blue ; the larger like the quills ; tail cuneiform, and disposed in two rows ; the feathers for two-thirds of the length blue, then marked with white on the inner web, after that black on both webs, with the tips white ; the two middle feathers rather pointed, have no black, but the tips are white like the rest ; legs orange, the hind toe very strong, and armed with a much larger claw than the others. This is the Shirgunge of the Bengalese and Musulmans ; and inhabits the hills of Tipperah and Sylhet. It is said to be capable of instruction, and may be taught to hunt like a Hawk, so as to catch small birds ; besides a kind of chattering like a Jay or Magpie, it has an agree- able note, and will become very tame. hh If ly'--' w 0^ ,.•'1' I. it I A. — Coracias Sinensis, /hc/. Orn. i. 171. Gmz. Li/i. i. 381. Z>«maKrf.ii.248. Shaw's Zool. vii.3C5. Pica glaiidaria ccerulea iioii cristata, Bartr. Trav. 170? Steller's Ciow, Gen. Syji. i. 387. Id. Sup. ii. 111. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 130. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill black, at the gape five or six bristles ; head crested, the crest composed of narrow, brown feathers; * Mr, Abbot.— In the Amer, Ornith. they are said to be dull olive spotted with brown. 4 CROW. 57 the rest of the plumage purplish black, inclining to green on tlii- rump; half the wing coverts brownish black, the others deep blue ; second quills deep blue, crossed with eight or nine black bars, as in the last species ; greater quills black, edged with blue green, fore part of the neck and breast dusky; belly and vent pale blue ; tail six inches long, cuneiform, blue, the outer feathers shorter by one inch than the middle ones, shafts black ; legs black. Inhabits North America, in the woods of Nootka Sound ;* Stellei was the first who noticed this species, being shot there when ]3ering's Crew landed upon America. Mr. Bartrain met with a bird in the journey between the lower 'rading house and Rock Point, supposed to be no other than this. He says, it is of an azure bbie, no crest on the head, nor so large as the blue Jay of Virginia, but equally clamorous in the clumps and coverts. 59.— CHATTERING CROW. Corvus Jamaiceiisis, fnd. Orn. i. l.'>4. fiin. Lin. i. :)G7. Daud. li. 230. Sliaxv's Zool. vii. 345. (.%)rnix Jamaiceiisis, Bris. ii. p. 22. Id. 8vo. i. U)0. Comix nigra garrula, liaii Si/u. 181. Sloan. Jam. 298. Brotvn Jam.47'3. Klein Av.it'.) Coriieille de la Jamaifjue, jBi//*. iii. p. G7. Chattering Crow, Cch. S'/n. i. 377. SIZE of a common Crow. Length eighteen inches. Bill one inch and a half long, black ; plumage in general, also the legs, black. Inhabits the north side of the mountains of Jamaica ; makes a chattering noise, different from that of the European Crow, and i.s thought not to be strictly the same bird ; it feeds on berries, beetles, &c. and by some esteemed good meat; is probably found in Georgia, rn. * A Bird, not greatly difl'cring, was met with in New Caledonia, described aft a kind of Crow, not half 80 big ; the feathers tinged with blue. — Cook's Voy. ii. 124. TOL. III. I UHB f ' ,1 il 1 ( uJ iin ' m 58 CROW. as Mr. Abbot mentions a Crow seventeen inches long, tliirty-one inches and a half broad ; the bill one inch and three-quarters long ; and observes, that the wings reach within one inch of the end of the tail. He adds, that it makes great havock in the fields, by pulling up the corn and maize, when they first spring from the ground, some- times in flocks, destroying the green or roasting ears. It also sucks birds eggs, and those of the great Land Tortoise, called Gopher, which are laid in the earth, at the entrance of their dens; is certainlv distinct from the Carrion Crow, as Dampier* talksof that, and the Chattering Crow,t as two distinct species ; both are said to be called, at Brazil. Mackeraw. 60— DOWNY CROW. Corvus leiicognaphulus, Z)a»(/. ii. 231 . Damp. Voy. p. 81. SIZE and shape of the Chattering Crow, and the plumage as in that bird, of a full deep black, and furnished with fine white down at the base of the feathers ; tail rounded, and reaching but little beyond the wings when closed. Inhabits Porto Rico. A specimen of one is in the Museum af Paris; it is probably allied to, if not the same as. the last described. 61.— FISH CROW. Corvus ossifragus. Fish Crow, Amer. Orn. v. p. 27. pi. 37. f. 2. THIS is sixteen inches long, and thirty-three in extent of wing ; the upper mandible notched near the tip, and the edges of both * Voy. 3. p. 73. t The Ani is also called the Chattering Crow. ^t»- J /:« I ■ fli CROW. 59 turned inwards about the middle, with large and long recumbent hairs or bristles; irides dark hazel; plumage wholly black, with reflections of steel-blue and pjuple; the chin bare of i'eathers round the base of the under mandible ; first quill feather little more than half the length ; the fourth the longest, which reaches to within two inches of the end of the tail ; this last is rounded, seven inches long. Bill and legs black. Iidiabits North America, observed first on the sea coast of Georgia, approaching the sliores of the river Savannah by break of day, retiring to the interior as evening came on. Its food dead fish oi other garbage, that floated on the surface of the water, and which if I)icked up on the wing, by means of the claws ; will also perch on the backs of cattle like the magpie; is seen sometimes to pick nj) small lizards, while they are swimming with their heads above the water ; this sort never mixes with the common Crows, and is supposed, by Mr. Wilson, to be a new and undescribed species; both from the manners and voice, which is more hoarse and guttural than in the common Crow; seen near Philadelphia, from the middle of March to the beginning of June; they build in tall trees, near the sea or shore, and from the circumstance of six or seven being usually seen together jn July, it is probable tliat they have four or five young at a time. The male and female are much allied to each other. 62.— PERUVIAN JAY. Corvus Peruviauus, Ind. Oni. i. IGl. Gm. Lin. i. 37;J. Bund. li. 249. Shaw's Zou/. vii. 3G3. Geay de Perou, Buf. iii. 110. />/. en/. G25. Peruvian Jay, Gen. Syn. i. 391. Nat. Misc. V. G. pi. 213 LENGTH eleven inches. Bill dusky; forehead, and a patch on each jaw, fine blue ; back part of the head, from the eye to behind the neck, whitish ; sides of the neck under the eye, the chin, throat 12 m CROW. and breast black, the feathers appearing like velvet; from thence to the vent yellow ; back, wings, and two middle tail feathers green, the others yellow ; shape of the tail cuneiform, pretty long ; legs dusky. Inhabits Peru. ■ ;4lc .4 tfi i *1 63— PARAGUAN JAY. L'Acahe, foy. d'Azra,\\\. No. 53. THIS is thirteen inches' and a half long. Bill black, strong, and strait, nostrils covered with feathers ; the top and sides of the head black, soft, and velvety ; a pale blue patch on the hind head, reaching an inch on the neck ; another over the eye like au eyebrow, u third on the lower eyelid, and a fourth at the base of the under mandible; the top and sides of the head, whole neck, all the upper ])arts and tail deep blue, end of the last white ; under parts of the body yellow in the male, and whitish in the female ; legs black. M. D'Azara thinks this to be the Peruvian Jay, but M. Sonnini esteems it distinct, and a new species ; it certainly differs from that bird in many points, but possibly may be an incomplete specimen. It is said to be common in Paraguay ; comes near habitations, and is often domesticated; the nest is not known, but a pair in confinement produced eggs, which were whitish, inclining to dull blue at the large end, and every where spotted with brown. m m 64— YELLOW-BELLIED JAY. CorvDs flavigaster, Ind. Orn, i. 162. Cm. Lin. i. 373. Le Garlu, on Geay a Ventre jaune, Bttf.Vu. 119. PI. enl. 249. Yellow-bellied Jay, Gen. Syn. i. 392. LENGTH nine inches. Bill stout, dusky black ; plumage on the upper parts of the body greenish brown, darker on the head and ■'**.. ''**»', CROW. 61 nape; chin white, from thence to vent yellow; down the middle of the crown a golden yellow streak ; over each eye, from the nostrils, a streak of white ; wings and tail reddish brown, margins of the feathers paler ; legs slender, short, and lead-coloured. Inhabits Cayenne. We have hitherto only seen figures of this bird, and it may admit of a doubt, whether it is different from the Brazilian Shrike; for if we compare Nos.213& 249, of the PL enlum. very little ditference will appear as to distribution of colours, however essentially they may be from each other in the bill ; we are certain, from a specimen in our possession of the fomier, that this part in the PL finlum. is much exaggerated, nor does the bill in 249, convey any othei- idea than belonging to the Crow Genus ; hence we can only recommend the two birds in question to future investigation. 65.--LESSER MEXICAN CROW. Shaw's Zool. vii. 367. Coiviis Zanoe, Ind. Orn. i. 1G4. (int. Lin. i. 376. Stunuis Zaiioe, Daud. ii. 319. Pica Mexicana minor, J3m. ii. 44. /rf. 8vo. i. 167. Tzanahoei, Raii. 162. Btif. iii. 106. Lesser Mexican Crow, Gen. Sijn. i. 397. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill black ; plumage in general blackish, but the head and neck incline to fulvous ; tail very long ; legs black. Inhabits Mexico, has the manners and cunning of the Magpie learning to talk like that bird ; said to cry like a Starling, from which circumstance, we may suppose, 31. Daudin thought fit to place it in that Genus. k'^ 62 CROW. 'I II 0)6 —CINEREOUS CROW. Coivus Canndeiisis, Ind. Orn. i. 100. Lin. i. 158. iim. Lin, i. 370. Daud. ii. 250 Shaw's Zool. vii. 305. Amcr. Orn, iii. pi. 21. f. 1. Guriulus Cunadfiisis fuscus, Br is. ii. 54. t. 4. f. 2. /(/. 8vo. 1. 170. G.^ay hiuii dc Canada, Biif.iW. 117. P/. en/. 530. Cinereous Crow, 6'en. Syn. i. 389. Id. Sup. ii. 112. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 137. P/,. Trans. Ixii. 380. '^M m I lif :::i|i LESS than the Jay, lengtli ten inches and half; breadth fifteen ; weight two ounces and a half. Bill blackish ; irides dark hazel ; forehead and throat dirty yellowish white ; hind head and sides blackish brown; neck whitish ; npper parts of the body, wings, and tail brown, the last somewhat cuneiform, and tipped with white ; under parts of the boily pale ash, lighter coloured on the bretist ; legs blackish. Male and female much alike. The plumage of this .species, especially about the head, is very soft, and loo.se-wel>bed, and so full, as to prove a very warm covering Inhabits Canada, and breeds there early in the spring, chiefly in the pine trees; laying three or four blue eggs, and the young fly in May ; is not gregarious ; feeds on moss, w orms, antl flesh ; mostly .seen in pairs throughout the year ; are bold, pilfering birds, stealing from the traveller even salted meat ; devour the baits fiom the traps set for the Martins ; said to lay up stores for the winter, when the} approach habitations ; do not bear confinement well, nor are tJie natives desirous of it, as they detest the bird. The natural note said to be like that of the Baltimore Oriole ; and like our Jay, it will imitate others, so as to deceive many ; very frequent about Hudson's Bay, and known there by the name of Whiskijohn, and Whiskijack ; .seen more often on the ground than on trees ; is for the most part solitary, being rare to meet with two or three together. 't I 'j Vi t "•I*- ruow. 68 Ph. (J7.— CAYENNE JAY. Corvus Cayniiiis, Intl. Orn. i. 100. Lin. i. 157. Cm. Lin. i. 370. Daud. ii.'242. Shaw's Zool. vii. 300. fJtirriiliis Cayanensis, iJm. ii. 52. t. 4. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 101). (Jeay '.V 68.— SURINAM CROW. Co. vus argyroptlialnius, Ind. Oni. i. 164. Gm. Lin. i. 369. Jacn. Vog. t. 1. Shu Zool. vii. 300. Coivus Surinamensis, Gm. Lin. i. 375. SuriMam Crow, GV«.5y».i. 397. Id.Siip.%\. Brown III. t. 10. SIZE of a Crow. Bill dusky; Head deep brown ; at the back of it rich blue, beneath that pale green; under each ear, and on the hind part of the neck, a spot of the same ; neck, breast, belly, and wing coveits deep changeable green ; prime quills dusky, the ends rich blue; tail dusky; legs flesh-colour. ■* m 64 CROW. According to Jacquin, the general colour of tlie plumage is black; irides silvery; above and beneath the eye a blue spot; brejist and outer part of the wing, the colour of Prussian blue; tip of the tail white; bill and legs black. The first mentioned was in the collection of the late Mr. Tunstall ; the latter said to inhabit Carthagena, in South America, and there called Oiseau de Plata; has a monotonous voice, frequents woods, is easily tamed, and often kept in houses. ■ I I 'I 6.9.— CLARK'S CROW. ,;:!. if Corvus Columbiiiniis, Clark's Crow, Amer. Orn.m. pi. 20. f. 2. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill dark brown; the general colour of the head, neck, and body, light silky drab, darkening almost to a Dove-colour on the breast and belly, vent white ; the wings, two middle tail feathers, and inner vanes of the next, except at the tip, black, glossed with steel blue ; the second quills except three next the body, white for one inch at the extremities, forming a large bed of white, when the wing is closed; tail rounded, yet tlie two midilie feathers are shorter tlian those adjoining, all the rest pure white; legs black; claws hooked, particularly the middle and hinder one; the rpiills, when closed, reach to the end of the tail. Said to inhabit the banks of Columbia, and country adjacent, in great numbers ; frequenting the river and sea shore, where it pro- bably feeds on fish. It greatly resembles our Jackdaw, but the claws are formidable, and most likely enable it to strike living animals. ^1 ■|| li 1 W'. •m I W CHOW. (i-'i i 70.— BLUE-IAILED CRO^V. Turflus cyanurus, /«rangelmes; wings black ; on the outer edge, near the bend, a pa ch of white^^ and a tew of the second quills have the ends whi e ; tail as m the other, blue ; legs long, brown. VOL. III. K '■■"H 1 •< m CROW. 13. — In the collection of the late General Davies we observed a further variety; length eight inches. Bill brownish yellow ; crown <'hestnut, paler over each eye, nearly orange ; through the eye black ; chin and throat buff-colour ;) across the throat, above the breast, a band of blue black, arising at the nape ; plumage above brown ; five or six of the outei wing coverts black, with an oblique, longish spot at the tip of each, on the outer web; greater quills dusky ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers brown, the others blue; sit(e coverts blue ; legs one inch and a half in length ; thighs three- (juarters of an inch ; colour brown ; outer and middle toe connected to the first joint. — It has hitherto been a doubt where to fix tltis bird, partaking so much of both the Thrush ard Crow as to create a difference of opinion among authors. We have now placed it witli the Crows, led thereto by the opinion of Dr. Shaw ; in addition to which, M. Temminck prefers making it into a separate Genus, and taking in the short-tailed under the name of Pitta, or Breve. ^ 11 i :. C — Myiothera aiiinis, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 154. THIS is smaller than the jost, being no more than seven inches and a half in length; the colour of the plumage above is rufous brown ; beneath the body pale fulvous, with numerous violet bands ; chin pale ; cheeks black ; continued in a broad streak on each side of the neck ; throat divided from the breast by a band of black, terminated posteriorly with blue in the male, and with dusky grey in the female; the .ipper part of the head in that sex is nearly the colour of the back, and tJie lateral stripes testaceous chestnut ; on the wings an irregular band of white, formed as in the first described, from the tips of the coverts being o** that colour. Inhabits Java, known there by the name of Punglor. m CROW. 07 71— SHORT-TAILED CROW. Corvus brachyurus, //If/. Or«. i. IGG. Lin. i. 158. Cm. LiH.i.ii7b, Shatv's Zool. \\\. 385. t. 48. Nat. Misc. pi. 553. Men'.Ia viridis Molucrensis, Bris. ii. 316. t. 32. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 246. Breve tie Benffale, Bit/, iii. 414. PI. eiil. '258. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ivii.— IMta. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn, i. 393. SIZE of a BlficUbird ; length sevjii inches. Bill grey brown, corners of the mouth orange ; iridc: wliitish ; head and throat black; o\er the eye a fulvous stripe ; ^ind part of the neck, the back and scapulars fine green : all beneath fulvous, under the wings Ivlack ; lesser wing coveils shininr, blue green ; quills black, on the six first a ^vhite spot about the ir iddle ; tail not above one inch long, black, tijiped with green ; lei',s dirty red. Inhabits the Mob.cca Isles. A.— Merula viridis atiicapilla, Bris.W. 319. pi. 32. f. 2. /> ' ■t * t "^^mmmi'' ^mmmmmmm 1i. 4 Jf M' CROW. and nape to the back, and one on eacli corner of the month down the sides of the neck ; over the eye an orange brown stripe, Ji white line tlirough the eye, and a second under the black line on the sides of the neck ; plumage on the back and wings green, inclin- ing to blue on the lesser wing and tail coverts ; beneath from chin to vent bufF-colour ; towards the vent reddish ; quills and tall black ; the former white in the middle, with yellowish or white tips, the latter with green. Bill flesh-colour ; legs reddish yellow. Inhabits India. — One of these in General Hardwicke's drawings, met with at Fnttehghur, in June, called Norunga ; is also found at Ceylon . ('. — Breve tie Madagascar, Bu/'.'iW. 414. Merle des Mohujues, PI. enl. 257. Gen. Syn. i. 399. C. >S i:- Tlie head in this variety is blackish brown at the top, with a little yellow at the back and sides, bounded by a crescent of bhick, encircling the neck behind ; also two bands of the same, passing beneath the eyes, and terminating at the corners of the mouth : breast white and yellow; beneath the body yellow brown; wings as in Var. A. Tail tipped with blue green. I I). — Turdus trioptegus, Mus. Carls. Jtisc, iv. 84. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. i'l. 115. G. In this bird the head and nape are dull green, with stripes of black, as in Var. B. but that at the angle of the mouth is bitiil ; beneath from the chin buflT-colour ; towards the vent rose-colour ; shoulders blue, also the ends of the tail feathers; on the quills a patch of white as in the others. M. Tliunberg brought this from some of the East India Islands. •^f* CROW. 69 E.— Breve de Malacca, Son. Voy. Lid. ii. 190. t. 110. Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. f>l. 37. D. This varies chiefly in having the head and back part of the neck 1)1 ack ; over the eye a greenish streak, bounded beneath with blue ; chin white; fore part of the neck and back green; belly rufous, vent red. Inhabits Malacca. F:— Breve de Malabar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 191. Gen. Syn. Sup. 82. This differs principally in having the head and neck black ; down the crown a longitudinal rufous stripe; breast pale rufous; belly, thighs, and vent red. Found on the coast of Malabar. G. — Short-tailed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p 82. F. The crown in this variety is rusty-brown ; through the eye. and round the head a streak of black ; under this a collar of white ; the upper parts of the body green, the under white ; on the middle of the belly a led spot ; vent crimson ; quills black ; tail green, tipped with black ; legs pale red. Inhabits China— from the drawings of the late Dr.Fothergill. Independent of the above, we have observed some other dis- tinctions of less note, and therefore not worth discriminating; serving however, to shew the great variety of this species, all of which are beautiful. Whether they may be more allied to the Thrushes as .some suspect, than to the Crows, is not easily to be determined as their manners are as yet imperfectly known. In some India drawings one of these is called Gooda. ^^mmmmmm r it il 1 ■ • 70 ROLLER. GENUS XVI— ROLLFJl. 1 Garnilous Roller . ! 8 Oriental !l. 17 Varied R. 2 Bengal R. 9 Specious R. 18 Striated R. A Spotted R. 1 10 Cape R. 19 Streaked R. 3 Indian R. n Madagascar R, 20 Hairy R. 4 Long-tailed R. 12 Blue-striped R. 21 Mexican R. 5 Senegal R. 13 Black R. ' 22 Cayenne R. f» Abyssinian R. 14 African R. 23 Piping R. A Var. A Var. 24 Pied R. B Var. 15 Black-headed R. 25 Noisy R. 7 Pacific R. IG Docile R, 20 Fairy R. ^w ■4 ■if In this Genus the bill is strait, bending towards the tip, edge onltrated. Nostrils narrow, and naked. Legs, for the most part, short. Toes placed three before and one behind, divided to their origin. 1.— GARRULOUS ROLLER. i: lit CoraciasGarrula, /nd. Orn. i. 108. Lin. Syst.\. 159. /omh. 5uec. No. 94. Gm, Lin. i. 378. .?co7>. //n«.i. No.44. Brun. No. 35. i»/u//it7. SIZE of a Jay ; lengtli tliirteeii inches, breadth two feet tliree inclies. Bill black, one inch and a half long, strait, hooked at the point, beset with bristles at the base, but not covering the nostrils ; space about the eyes somewhat bare ; irides of two circles, brown and grey ; the head, neck, breast, and belly are light bluish green ; back and scapulars reddish brown ; coverts, on the ridge of the wing, rich blue, beneath them j)ale green ; upper \tsxvt and tips of the ld in thf markets and poulterers .shops, for they are accounted good loo«l, the flesh tastiaiLg like that of the Turtle ; has been called the • Ar:.\i2b\. II A kind of JuVi beaulil'ully variegated with blue, green, and a sort oi brown,— Russel. Alep, p. 70. 4 HOLLER. 73 fulvous, tinged witli violet ; baclv and sca})ular,s the same ; with u i^loss of green and olive; lower part of the back and rnmp blur, mixed with green; throat rufous wliite; cheeks and fore part of the neck violet, dashed with bluish white down the sliafts ; breast rufous, inclining to violet : belly, sides, thighs, under wing and tail coverts blue green ; lesser wing coverts deep blue; the greater outer ones blue grey ; those of the middle blue and green mixed ; the five first ijuills deep Idue ; the middle ofthe outer webs blue green ; tail even, the two middle feathers dull green, tinged with blue down the shaffs ; the rest blue for one-third from the base, then blue green, with blue tips ; legs grey. Tnliabits Bengal, and the Isle of Mindanao, where it is called Cuit. It may be suspected, that this is related to the following species, for the reasons therein given. One of these met with at Mosainbique, by Mr. Salt. A." — Coracias Ben;^alen sis, I, id. Orn. i. ]). Ui8. 2 \ar. Uollicr tachete, Dnud. Orn. ii. p. 2.58. Spotted Roller, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 120. var. Size of the Common Roller; length thirteen inches, liill black; head rufous, wiJi a whitish mixture in the face ; general colour of tlie plumage rufous, tinged with dirty green on the back, ami inclining to red beneath, marked with a longitudinal white stripe on each feather; wings dull, pale green; quills sky-blue ; tail rufous brown, pretty long, and the feathers of equal lengths; legs dusky. A specimen of this bird is in the IMuseum at Paris, brought from Senegal by M. Geoffroy de Villeneuve. It lias been also killed in C'aifraria, by M. Levaillant. It is probably a young bird of the Bengal Roller. TOL. III. r 74 ROLLER. 3— LONG-TAILED ROLLER. C'orucias caudata, Ind. Orn.'u 109. Lin. Syst.'\. IGO. Gm. Lin.'t. 38<). Bor, Nul.'u, 112. Daud.iu 2GU. Coracias Arij^oleiisis, Shawns Zoo/, v'l'i. 31)4. t.51. u«(/. ii. 200. ■ ull)if oils, Shaw's Zool.vW. 392. Rollier (rAbyssiiiio, liiif. iii. 14:j. P/. «■»/. 020. Sluregrij,', Bruce s Trttv. App. |>1. in p. 182. Abyssiiiiuii Roller, iien. Si/u.i. 401. LENGTH eiii'Iiteen inches. Head, to beyond the eyes, white: the rest of tlie head, neck, and wing" coverts, fine green; shonhlers, ((uills. and riun|) bine ; back, and second quills orange brown; tail as in the last described, and the general colours of the bird very brilliant. Inhabits Abyssinia, and seems to vary but little from the Senegal Species, and perhaps not sufficiently distinct from the two preceding. Mr. JJruce calls this Sheregrig, and the Senegal one is named Shagarag, Mliich appears to be the Barbary name for Uollers in general, therefore ought not lo be appropriated to one species. A . — Length, to the end of the shorter tiiil feathers, eight inches, but to that of the exterior ones three inches and a half more. Bill dusUv . head, neck, and breast pale ferruginous, or testaceous brown, v\ itii paler streaks; ba(;k black, or very dark brown ; from the breasi, all the under |jarts and thighs tine blue; wing coverts the sjir'u-, hut black down the middle; the middle of the wing pale blue, iiiilN deep blue, within black, the outer margins more or less pale blue. tail pale blue, the feathers two inches and a half in length, except tlie outmost on each side, which is three inches longer ; legs dusky yellow. From the drawings of Mr. Woodford. B.— One, similar to this, in the collection of General Davies, had the head and neck, to the breast, i)ale greenish grey, the feathers -^ it 1 r,i •■ ii^ -i J ^l;- 'i I HOLLER. '' appearing streaked ; back deep brown ; wing coverts fine deep blue; on tlie middle of t]ie wing a pale bUie, irregular patch ; rest ol" tlie quills deep bine, changing to black near the ends; under parts from the breast deep blue ; tail bluish sea-green, with two elongatetl outside feathers, as in the last described ; bill black, with a band of black passing through the eyes, and ending in a point behind; legs stout, black. 7.-rACIllC ROLLED. I'lMMriiis |)iicilira, Intl. Oni. Sup. p. xxvii. PiU'ilic I{()llir, CiVh. Si/ii. Siip.W, 371. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs red ; head and neck (hestinit; down the middle of the chin and throat black, bouiuled on each side with a line of white; the lower part of the neck, from the chestnut, (changes to green, and from thence all beneath paler green ; wings line blue ; base of the (judis white, forming a spot ulien expanded ; nunp, and u])per tail coverts, green ; the tail, and Indiciis, liris.u. 75. t. 7. f. 2. /iatias Madao;ascariensis, Lid. Orn. i. 170. Gni. Lin. i. 370. Daud. ii. 263. Sluuc's Zool. vii. 404. Rollif r (le Maila,oas(;ar, Bnf. iii. 148. PL enl. 501. Colaris, Rolle, Tim. Man. Anal. p. liii. Matlai,'as■*.•• 'V^^-'-V#^ i,;,-«W)^ ■''■>^*s;. 11^ #1 \, •%., '**J^ *^**... r '/ / ■ ■■'•■ i » '*'.*■* '« "_. . .v^.* , vkvr"J ^^' ,.,,( ...w^rlsand ': 'ail plain u;r('v : Un:'^ !'i,i ■;■. ... .:;np)7!-^» •'• ■. :■■■■'-■ ^■■^-\^U H;.^k^^ -. .a-. - •'':■-)■ W^fWl •Vosu tijt' buse, [ivd t-vt-rf*' wit*. ; r i ■u'.ran* ; (M>twii oi' the iS t])e ud|' . ;ua ; taiJ cuneiform, the Hvo -inxidK' ieaUH-rssixiu'-ht- i';^^, the bhirUi^^h brown, th.' leathers ihwr ".> -Jk' j.int; :VMi .m> 4u.r{ '-.-^i sra!v. the niiciai' to.' v^ry '(oiir>- artO the • ;.i^- IissT'T H\;jii tbr > •rs. ■^n. '•^'' -C:^ -M' -IV, ,;'*^.43.4. ^i!i^.-fc-it, *4 «^lr.i,al^-jji">*JiikS«,. .^';:-.ss*- I s r Pl.XLI. /^ — ^^ 'ill -U mf ROLI-ER. 81 One of tliese was preserved in spirits in tlie British iMuseuni, hut the place from whence it was hrought not mentioned. We have seen a second J in the possession of Mr. Comyns, of J)awHsh, wliich came from Ceylon. p| s,; I :■ 14.— AFRICAN ROLLER. Coiatias Afra, Ind. Orn.l 172. Daud. ii. 267. Shuw't Zool. vu. 405. Nal. Mite pi. 401. African Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 80. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill stout, yellow, hent at the tip ; plnmai^e on the upper parts pale cinnamon, beneatli paler, inclining to lilac ; vent, and under tail coverts pale bliu^ green ; quills deep blue; the ends of the two middle tail feathers black, the others blue green, tipped with black ; legs brown. Iidiabits Africa. Described from a specmien in the British Museum; it seems a stout bird in re;5pect to the length. hi: * ' ' !: . I* ■; \ _ % ' A. — Length eleven inches and a half. Bill stout, one inch and three quarters long, black, with a conspicuous hook at the tip, inside yellow ; upper parts of the head^ back, and inner wing coverts fine cinnamon-colour, inclining to brown on the back ; feathers of the crown elongated ; under parts of the body the same as the upper, but paler, streaked on the chin, throat, and breast, with dusky white ; outer wing coverts, and the rest of the wing deep blue, the colour paler at the base, and the inner webs of the feathers black ; tail near six inches in length, marked as the quills, but the two middle feathers are dusky, with a greenish cast; legs yellow, strong ; claws black. Inhabits Abyssinia. — Mr. Salt. VOL. in. M mm «« 82 ROLLER. 15— BLACK-HEADED ROLLER. Coraiiu* nu'luiiofeplmlii, Ind.Oni.'i. 170. IJaud. Vi. 207. Shuw's Zool. v\\. 3U7. Bliick-lit'iidi'tl RdIIlt, GVm. Si/n, Sup. p. 80. SIZE of a Jay. Rill retl ; head and neck black ; liindhead greyi.sh ; upper parts ol' the body bluish purple, the under white ; quills brown; the two middle tail feathers blue, the rest purplish, all of them tipped with white ; legs red. Suppo.sed to inhabit China. — Described from drawings made in that country. 16.— DOCILE ROLLER. H Coracias tloiilis, Tnd. Orn. i. 172. S. C. Cmel. It. iii. 378. t. 42. JJaud. ii. 200. Shaw's Zool. vii. 403. Docile Roller, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 120. SIZE of a Jackdaw. Bill 3'ellow, rather bent, feathered on the .sides, and tlie under part covered with white feathers at the base ; eyes black, round tiiem dull grey, behind and beneath whitish, with a slight mixture of red ; the upper parts of the head, neck, and breast, much the same; belly and vent chestnut brown; the nine first quills half white, half black, the rest wholly black; tail black, with the tip white. Inhabits Persia; and, according to Gmelin, has obtained i^^s name from imitating the words and actions of those around, such as crying, laughing, and the like. i ROLLER. 83 i 17._VARIED ROLLEli. LENGTH thirteen inclies. Bill stout, one inch and a quarter \ong, greenish yellow ; irides red-brown ; nostrils visible ; plumage parrot green beneath, sides of the neck paler, inclined to brown, and each feather marked with a slender white streak dov.ii the shaft, swelling in the middle; vent plain ; second wing coverts and quills marked with a small white spot at the tips, and the latter with three or four spots of white down the shafts; greater <]uills brown, edged with green; tail four inches and a half long, even at the end, all but the two middle feathers tipped with a white spot ; legs stout, lead-colour; claws hooked and large. Said to be a male bird. Inhabits New-Holland. — General Davies. Another specimen in the collection of Mr. Harrison ; it is also in the Linnaean Museum. P I. 18.— STRIATED ROLLER. Coracias sagittafa, Tnd. Orn. Sup. xxvi. Shaw's Zool. viii. 400. Striated Roller, Cen. Syn. Sup. ii. 122. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill, from the gape, one inch and a quarter, stout, red brown; head, neck, back, rump, and lesser wing coverts green, the shafts of the feathers dark, appearing as lines; on the chin and throat a mixture of ash-colour ; breast and under parts dusky white, marked with black streaks, broader and bitid beneath, appearing like tlie barbs of arrows; under wing coverts and sides tinged with yellow green ; greater wing coverts and quills dark within, and ash-coloured on the outer web, each marked at the tip with white ; tail of twelve feathers, even, four inches and a half M 2 u ; ■!', 84 ROLLEIl. long, all but the two iniddle marked at the tips with a larjL>-e oval white spot on the inner, and just tipped with the same on the outer web, deepest on the outer feathers ; the legs stout, short, brown ; claws hooked. Inhabits New South AVales. In a drawing of this bird the tongue appears to be bristly at the end, not unlike that of the Iloney-eater. ii- \l- 19— STREAKED ROLLER. LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill stout, brown, with a slight notch on the upper mandible, at the tip; plumage above olive })rown, inclining to green on the rump; all the feathers streaked dow n the middle with dusky ; from the bill a mottled paler streak, passing over the eye, and surrounding the hindhead as a wreath, but not eminently conspicuous ; under parts, from the chin, white, with dusky streaks, most numerous on the breast; vent white; wings brown, the feathers edged with tawny; under wing coverts mixed pale tawny; tail four inches and a half long, even, brown, all bjit the two middle feathers marked with a large oval white spot on the inner web at the end, and just tipped with the same on the outer ; legs stout. Another, supposed to be a female, wanted the tawny edges of the coverts, and the wreath round the head less conspicuous. Inhabits New-Holland ; has some things in con mon with the Striated Roller, and might pass for a young bird, or differing in sex, but the feathers of the tail in this have the ends pointed, and more narrow than in the Striated, which has the tail feathers in general broader, yet the white ends in both are precisely the same, and therefore gives a suspicion of their being allied to each other. From the collection of Lord Stanley. ,^ V i 'i ,? I ROLLER . Hr* i t :- u 'i 20 -HAIKV HOLLER Comcins jjilosn, fnil. Orn. Sup. xxvii. — — — — — criiiitu, Shair's Zool. v\\. 401. Hairy ilollrr, tlfii. Sj/n. Sup. ii. l'2'2. THE bill and legs in this liird art- dusky bine; neck, breasj, and belly testaceons brown, streaked witii white, the feathers rather loose and elongated ; over the eye a streak of white, and through it a darker one; back and wing coverts green brown, edged with blue, and changeable purple; (juills deep blue; upper tail coverts pale blue; tail long, even at the end, and the same colour as the (piills, which, when closed, reach to about one-fourth of the length. Taken from the drawii.^s of Mr. AVoodford. 21.— MEXICAN ROLLER. Cnracliis Mcxiiiiiiii, Ind. Orn. \. 171. Gin. Lin. \. 381. Shaw's Zool. \\\. 31*9. (lalgulus IMtxicnmis, liris. ii. Ki. Id. 8vo. j. 177. MiTula MexiniiKi, Scba.'x. 101. t. (14. 5. Klein. Av. Q>'2. •>. Mexican HoUi'r, Vru. Syu. i. 413. THIS is nnich larger than the Missel Thrush. Lpper parts of the body dingy rufous grey ; the under parts and wings light •••rev, mixed with flame-colour. Inhabits Mexico. 22 -CAYENNE ROLLER. Coracias Cayana, Ind. Orn. \. 172. Gm. Lin. \. 381. Daud. n. 265. Shaw's Zooi. vii. 400. Grivert, on RoUe de Caytniii-, Buf. iii. 134. PI. ml. 616. Cayenne Roller, Gen. Syn. \. 415, LENGTH nine inches. Bill strong, reddish, a little bent at the point ; general colour of the plumage brownish green ; over the eye r' •' ■ ■ ■ •■ :' II :M: t\ I !l I, r I ■pm \ ! \ i 86 ROLLER. a while streak ; chin white ; bounded on each side with black ; fore part of the neck and breast dirty wliite, or pale ash-colour ; tail cuneiform, the edges of the feathers greenish ; legs longer than usual in the Roller, ;>ile grey. Tnhabits Cayenne; approaches greatly to the Crow Genus. 23.— PIPING ROLLER. Coracias Tibicen, Ind. Orti. Sup. x\vi\. Shaiv's Zool.v'u. 405. Cassican, Tem. Man. Ed, ii. Anal. p. li. Piping Roller, Cen. Syn. Sup.'n. 122. LENGTH eighteen or nineteen inches. Bill bluish white, two inches or more in length, strait, except at the end of the upper mandible, which is bent; tip black, with a very slight notcli near the point; general colour of the plumage deep black, but the nape, wing coverts, some of the greater quills at the base, rump, vent, and base of all the tail feathers, for two-thirds of the length, are white ; the remainder of the tail is black, as is the whole of the outer feather on the outer web ; legs dusky slate-colour. In some specimens those parts are cinereous grey which are white in others. Inhabits New South Whiles, by the name of Tarra-war-nang. It has a soft note, not unlike the sound of a well-toned flute; preys often on small birds. 24.— PIED ROLLER. Coracias vaiia, Ind. Om. i. 173. Gm. Lin. i. 381. Nat. Misc. 781. Gracula varia, Shaw's Zool. vii. 404. Cassican de la nouvelle Guiiiee, Biif. vii. 137. t. 7. /*/. enl. 628. Barita, Cassican, Tem. Man. Ed.'u. p. li. Pied Roller, Gen. Si/n. i. 41-5. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill two inches and a half, bluish, with a dark tip ; head, neck, and upper part of the back, black ; the M I'lj f ROLLER. 87 rest of the back, nimp, and upper tail coverts, breast, and vent, white, inclining to blue on the breast ; wing coverts black and white mixed; some of the secondaries black, some white; greater quills black; tail five inches long, even at the end, and black ; all but the two middle feathers tipped with white ; legs lead-colour ; claws stout, sharp, and black. Supposed to inhabit New Guinea; seems of a doubtful Genus, between the Oriole, Toucan, and Koller, yet strictly belonging to neither. AVe have, however, phaced it in that of the last named, till its character and manners may be better known. i' ' V m 25.~NOISY ROLLER. Corac ias strepeia, liul. Orn.\. 173. Cirarula strepern, Shatv's Zool. vii. 4G2. Cussicaii, TVvH. Mati. Ed. ii. Anal. p. li. Rcvcilleur de I'lsle 5 1 !■ ■! m,:?'r 'H^'.i A. — Black und yellow Daw of Brazil, Edw. pi. 319. Gen. Si/n. i. 419. B. This seems a trifle bigger; has a purplish lustre in the black of the plumage, and some of the yellow feathers, which compose the spot on the wings, tipped with black. One o( these in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, was named Assewaka; the feathers had a musky, castor-like, smell. * Probably the Tillandsia usneoides, which may easily be mistaken for horse-hair. Thr bird may perhaps be the Petite Pe of Fermini, but his description merely is, that the colours are prettily diversified, and yellow from the middle of the buck to the rump. He adds, that it easily learns to talk a number of words; makes the nest on the tops of hi^;h trees ; lays six or eight eggs, spotted with black, living on insects, and small birds, also their eggs; advances by hopping, and always flirts up the tail; is bold enough to attack birds of prey, as well as leverets, and other such game.— X)Mcri/). de Surin. ii. p. 167. 1) ORIOLE. 93 2.--RED-RUMPED ORIOLE. r • Oriolus hiemorrhous, Itid. Orti. i. 174. Lin. i. 1(51. Lin. Gin. i. 387. Shato's ZoqI. vii. 417. Nat. Misc. pi. ;ili5. Cassicus ruber, Bris. ii. 98. t. 8. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 183. Daud. ii. 328. Cassique rouge, Biif. iii. 208. PL cnl. 482. Red-rumped Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. 420. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill sulphur-colouretl, tliick at the base, and passing far back into the forehead, where it is rounded, and bare of feathers ; plumage chiefly black, with a greenish gloss ; the lower part of the back, rump, upper and under tail coverts* fine glowing crimson ; wings and tail dusky black ; and the quills, when the wing is closed, reach almost to the end of the latter; legs black. Inhabits Brazil and Cayenne, and called Cassique ; said to have the same manners as the former, making the same kind of nest, and building it promiscuously with that bird ; hence, has been by some esteemed only as a Variety, but of this we are not competent to judge. At Berbice it is known by the name of Jabbani ; about Brazil it is called Guasch. A. — Cassique bruu, Orn. de Salerne 112. Gen. Syn. ii. 420. A. In this the whole body is black brown ; rump and upper part of the tail the colour of wine lees ; under tail coverts light yellow. This is found at Guiana, and known by the name of Quiacagou. Said to frequent shady places, near water, and to scream like a Jay. ♦ One in the collection of Mr. Francillon, had the under tail coverts black, not red. 1 1 i.:; ' J ■1 A 11, . 7 4^ '",• ' -'F i: »' ;l !;•- I ■Ii; . . I 1 ■; 1 f Mi: 1 w^ 111 'I 94 ORIOLE. ■ f I >i >Jl:; ' 1; '■9M h'> 3— CRESTED ORIOLE. Oriolus cristatus, Ind. Orn.i. 174. Gin. Lin. i. 387. Daud.n. 320. Shaw's Zool. vii. 414. Xaiitlioriius inaxiinus, Pall. Spic.\\. .3. t. 1. L'Yapu iiroprement dit, Voy. d'Azaru, iii. No. 57. Troiipiiilc, Tcm. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. liv. C'assiqiif huppe de Cayenne, Buf, iii. 241. /*/. cnl. 344. Crested Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. 421. SIZE of a Magpie ; length eighteen inclies and a half. Bill strong, two inches long, dirty yellow, bare, .somewhat gibbous, and rounded at the base ; nostrils in a fui-row ; tongue ,jagged ; irides blue; head crested ; head, neck, and body, to the middle, black; beyond this, the rump, and vent, deep chestnut ; wings black ; tail eight inches long, the two middle feathers brownish black, anti seven-eighths of an inch shorter than the next on each side, but the shape is cuneiform, for the outer one is only tive inches and a half long ; all but the two middle feathers are yellow ; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne, and other warmer p;n-tsof America. One, in the collection of Mr. M'Leay, received from Berbice, was called Boeke roe roe. The female is crested as well as the male; it lives equally on fruits and insects, but particularly on a sort ol'Grenadilla;* also another plant, called by the Creoles, Grains cols jauues ; when the bird eats the latter, the excrement becomes yellow ; found for the most part in pairs or single, though sometimes in flocks of 100, i)erch- ing on the tops of trees ; the nest in the shape of a purse, three feet in length, and ten inches broad at the lower end, which is hemispheri- cal , the entrance at top, the bottom furnished within with a thick bed of dry leaves, and hung from the ends of branches, sometimes six hanging on the same tree; it is constructed of fine strips of the Caraguata.t 1^ ii? * Passiflora lautiflora. t Tiilandsia, as before mentioned under the first Specie*. \J. m ORIOLE. Pr> interwoven by the birds, botli sexes of which contribute their labour, and the threads so tine as to be easily mistaken tor horse hair ; the eggs are not described, but tlie young said to be fed with worms, and tlie adults to be fond of oranges and ananas. M. d'Azara mentions one which had five white and yellow spots, irregularly placed, at the beginning of the back, tind upper tail coverts. Found at Paraguay, but not common, nor seen beyond the 2Gth degree of latitude ; has a loud cry, but not disagreeable; the common name Vapu,* also V^apmi and Acahc-saiyu, or "\dlow Acahc. A. — CVh. .S'y/(. ii. [). 421. This is full twenty inches in length. The bill two inches and a (luarter, yellow, with an orange tip; the feathers of the head elongated into a crest, as in the former, besides which, there are two slender feathers, two inches and a quarter long, springing from the hindhead, and hanging down behind; the plumage in general olive with a hue of orange; lower half of the back, the rumj), belly, and vent el.estnut; tail rounded, the two middle feathers chestnut, the others yellow, but the outer one dusky on the exterior web; legs black. 1— RED-BILLED ORIOLE. Orioliis ciistatus, /«. Inhabits New South Wales : manners unknown. One of these in a drawing had four of the outer feathers of the tail tipped on the inner webs with a spot of white ; legs black. 7.— RUFF-NECKED ORIOLE. LENGTH fifteen inches or more. Bill one inch and a half, stout, and pointed at the tip, the base above passing far back into the forehead, and rounded behind ; general colour of the plumage fine glossy black, with a tinge of violet, green, and copper, in diflTerent VOL. III. o Vr J ;. M ':< W:,l 1 I m : I 1 -1 i. 1 08 ORIOLE. liju;-|its; the feathers round the eye and chin short, like velvet; thos«; of the neck iinich elongated, and capable of being erc^cted, in the manner of the llufTed C^rous; the feathered part of the thighs reaches below the joint; quills and tail deeper black, and have much less gloss than the other parts ; the tail, somewhat rounded at the end, consists of twelve feathers, and is tive inches and a half in length ; when the wing is closed, the quills reach to about the middle of it ; legs black ; outer and middle toes united at the base. Inhabits South America; brought from Trinidad by Lord Seaforth. Is said to erect the feathers of the neck in a beautiful and singular manner. 8. -RICE ORIOLE. Oriolus iiijrpr, /»»/. Or/i.i. 185. Gm, Lin. i. 393. S'Amiu'* Zoo/, vii. 442. ^— — orizyvonis, Ind. Orn. i. 17G. Gm. Liu. i. 38G. — — — I'lrriigineus, Ind. Orn. \. 17G. Gm.Lin.'u 393. Duiid.W, 351. Shaw's ZovL vii. 445. Ciissicus iiiger, Daud. ii. 329. Shaw's Zool. vii. 439. Icterus niger, JBm. ii. 103. t. 10. f. 1. /rf. 8vo. i. 184. Comix parva piofuiule nigra, Klein. Ao. p, 59. Giacula ferriiginca, Rusty Grakle, Amer.Orn.w. pi. 21. f. 3. Troupiale noir, Buf. iii. 320. PI. enl. 534. Ynpu noir, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 58 and 60. IJla( k Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 445. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 144. Rice Oriole, Gen. Syn.W. 423. LENGTH nine inches; extent of the wings fourteen. Bill one inch and a half long, black, stout, .sharp, and somewhat bent at tlie tip, the base pas.sing backwards on the forehead, as in some of the former Species ; irides silvery ; plumage in general black, glossed with purple on the head, neck, and breast ; tail five inches long, even at the end, and the wings, when closed, reach a little beyond the base ; kgs black ; hind claws large. rx'- ORIOLK. i)U The female is one inch sliorter. Head, iieok, ami 1 feast wholly brown ; over the eye a pale-colon retl line ; lore black ; belly and rnmp ash-colonr ; npper and nnder tail coverts skirted uitli brown; wings black, edged with ferrnginons : tail black, gl«»ssed with green. Young birds, of both sexes, have the feathers of the head, nvck, breast, and back, margined with ferruginous, the rest of the plumage Jilack, but less clear than in the adult. Inhabits various parts of America; comes into Pennsylvania, from the north, early in October, and as.sociates with the Redwings, and Cowpens, chiefly in the corn fields, and where grasshoppers are plentiful, but is most fond of Indian corn ; retires the middle of November. In Georgia frequents plantations, and there calleil Cowpen Blackbird. As this bird does not gain the full plumage the first year, it is often seen mixed with the young ones, which have variegated plumage, and will easily account for such being esteemed different Species. Said to btiild in trees, at about eight feet from the ground, making a nest of moss and grass, laying five dark-coloured eggs, spotted with black ; is easily domesticated, but not frequently, as it is not valued for having any song. The Yapu noir of Azara seems to be this. He mentions the having a nest brought to him, found hanging at the ends of branches, and saw another, made of rushes and other flexible materials ; it was the size of that of the Crested Species, but narrower ; in this was an egg almost round, white, marbled with deep brown : the cry of this bird is Gaaa, at other times like the word Pupui ; is a solitary and rare Species, only found in the deep thickets. The three following appear to be the same, in different stages of plumage. ^' ' f ':, ■ t^. it I. 3f tr^ ;t ' % 111! V' w V A.— Turdus Hudsonicus, Ind. Orn. i. 362. Gm. Lin. i. 818. Vieill, Amtr. ii. p. 16. Hudsonian Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 143. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 204. Length seven inches and a half. Plumage black, every feather more or less edged with chestnut : probably a young female. O 2 I iiiiuiii^wwpupm— 100 ORIOLE. t ■! hi IJ.— Turdus Noveboiacensis, Ind. Orn.'i, 362. Gm. Lin.'u 818. >ie\v-York Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 144. Jrct. Zool.u. No. 205. In this, the head, neck, and breast, are mottled light rust-coloiir and black ; back very glossy, edges of the feathers ferruginous ; from the bill, above and beneath the eye, a band of black to the hindhead; belly dusky ; wings and tail greenish glossy black. ('.— Turdiis Labradorus, Ind. Orn. i. 342. Gm. Lin. i. 832. Sturnus Jamaicensis, Daud. ii. 317. Labrador Tlirush, Gen. Syn. iii. 40. Phil. Trans. Ixii. 400. Arct. Zool.u. No. 200. General colour glossy shining black, varied with blue and green in different lights. Tlie female dusky black, breast dark grey. Said to come in flocks to Severn River, in June, and to return South in Autumn ; suppposed to feed chiefly on worms and maggots; called at Hudson's J5ay, the Blackbird; lives among the willows, and builds in all sorts of trees. The three last, though hitherto ranked with the Thrushes, are no other than the Black Orioles, in various stages of life. IMi i> 1 9._COWPEN ORIOLE. Fringilla Peooris, Ind. Orn. i. 443. Gm. Lin. i. 910. iMiibcriza Pecoris, Cow Bunting-, Am. Orn. ii. pi. 18. f. I, 2, 3. Sturnus stiTcorarius, Burtr. Truv. 289. Frin^illa Virginiaiia, Bris iii. 105. Id. 8vo. i. 352. Le Troupiale coiuniuu, Foy. d'Azara, iii. No. 01.— male. Lc Chapi, yoy. d'Azura, iii. No. (»2. — female. Lc Bruuet, Bnf. \\: 138. Id. Toloana, Btif. iii. 193. Troupiale de la Caroline, PI. enl. GOG. 1. Troupiale, Tern. Man, Ed. ii.Aiial. p. liv. Cowpen Fineh, Gen. Syn. iii. 209. /(/. Sup. 165. Gates. Car. i. pi. 34. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 241. Gen. Zool. ix. 501. THIS is from seven to eight inches long, and eleven broad. Bill blackish ; head and neck fine brown, the rest of the body glossy black ; tail somewhat forked, or hollowed out in the middle. 'f 'i ■ ORIOLE. 101 m ■■ I The female is less, all over brown ; pale ash beneath, chin nearly white. Young birds have pale bills and legs, the plumage brown, and the margins of the feathers paler reddish brown ; chin, and middle of the belly white; under the eye an obscure dusky narrow streak, which bounds the white on the chin ; just within the bend of the wing an oval dusky patch. Inhabits America. — I am obliged for the above account to 3rr. Abbot, of Georgia, who gives reason to suppose, that they vary greatly in different periods of age. They frequent places wlieie rice grows, fly in flocks, both sexes generally together,* but are less common about Savannah, his place of residence, than in many others. T find from the Amer. Orn. that the length sometimes reaches to nine inches ; tliat the young birds are altogether brown for a month or more ; bare of featliers round the eye and mouth ; breast spotted as in the Thrusli, with light drab, and darker streaks : in two months after leaving the nest, the black begins at the shoulders, and gradually increases along each side, till the bird appears mottled on the back and breast, with deep black and light drab : at three months the colours are complete, anil, except in moulting time, does not change colour : appears in Pennsylvania the end of March, or beginning of April, and departs in October ; called Cow Blackbird, Cowpen Bird, and Black Rice Bird. The female has the habit of laying her eggs in the nests of other birds, in the manner of the Cuckow, particu- larly in those of the Red-eyed Fly-catclier, Maryland Yellow-throat, Blue Bird, Chipping Sparrow, Golden-crowned Thrush, Yellow Bird, White-eyed and Small Grey Fly-catcher, and others ; but the two first mentioned seem to be the favourite places of deposit. The bird lays but one e^^ in each nest; it is larger than that of the Blue Bird, dirty white, thickly sprinkled or granulated with pale brown ; % I" iV. H' * Mr. Wilson observes, that nothing like pairing, as in other birds, is discovered. ' !\\ Vm 'M iJ 'ir 102 ORIOLE. generally appears in March, and departs about the end of October; I)asses the winter regularly in the lower parts of North and South Carolina and Georgia ; and is very common as far South as Paraguay ; and also at Buenos Ayres. In January, strings of them are seen for sale in the markets of Charles Town, for the use of the table : fre- quently accompanying the Red-winged Orioles, but oftener seen among cattle, feeding on seeds, worms, and such like, picked out of the excrements, hence called Cowpen Blackbirds. — M. d'Azara says, they build in the holes of trees, walls, rocks, and under the eaves of houses : the nest made with sticks and straw, lined with feathers, and other soft materials. ■^i *i. ilf • A.— -Stuinus Junceti, Ind. Orn. i. 326. Rail, 108.— (Tolocatzanatl). ■ obscur'.is, Gm. Lin. i. 804. ————— nova; Hispaniae, Bris. ii. 448. Id. 8vo. i. 283. Icterus Eniberizoides, Daud. ii. 350. Oriolns fuscus, Gm. Lin. i. 393. Brown-headed Stare, Gen. Syn.m. p. 11. — .^— — Oriole, Arct, Zool. ii. p. 259. This has the head rusty brown ; body and wings black, glossed with green ; tail dusky. — Ray's description is, less than a Starling, but like it in shape, wholly black, except the head, which is brown. Inhabits New York, and other parts of North America. ;i^ B. — Oriolus minor, Tnd. Orn. i. 185. Gm, Lin. i. 394. Shaw's Zool. vii. 443. Sturnus Mexicanus, Lid. Orn. i. 326. Gm. Lin, i. 804. Icterus niger, Daud. ii. 351. Cotinga Mexicana, Bris. ii. 247. Id. 8vo. i. 254. Caxaxtototl, Raii 167. Btif. iii. 195. Petit Troupiale noir, Buf. iii. 221. Mexican Stare, Gen. Si/n. iii. p. 12. Lesser black Oriole, Gen, Syn. ii. 446. Arct. Zool. ii. 144. Length from six to seven inches. Bill black ; irides reddish ; the whole plumage fine glossy black, tinged with blue about the \S 'lih M:J ORIOLE. 103 head. — Ray's description, from Fernandez, says, the bird is wholly deep blue or blackish, the size of a Starling ; yellow irides, and a longish, sharp-pointed black bill. There is scarcely a doubt of this, as well as the last, being allied to the Cowpen. In the collection of Lord Stanley is a bird supposed to be the same in early plumage ; length seven inches ; general colour dusky olive black ; chin, neck, and breast, waved with grey, but not very conspicuous. ii ., ?» '•■ I ^ ';( 10.— CAYENNE OLIVE ORIOLE. Oriolus olivaceus, Ind. Orn.'i. 186, Gm. Lin.i. 394. S/iaw' s Zool. vii. 448. Icterus olivaceus, Daud. ii. 352. Troupiale olive de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 225. PI. enl. 600, 2. Cayenne Olive Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 447. BILL black ; head, throat, and fore part of the neck glossy brown, deeper on the throat, and inclining to orange on the breast ; quills dusky black, mixed with brown ; legs black. Inhabits Cavenne. f^•b^ \ •4- 11.— CHESTNUT ORIOLE. Icterus castaneus, Daud. ii. 353. Olive Oriole, Var. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 125. SIZE of the Olive Oriole. Bill black ; head, neck, and general colour of the plumage fine velvet black ; throat, breast, belly, back, rump, and vent fine glossy chestnut ; belly and thighs dusky ; wings and tail black ; greater wing coverts tipped with white, forming a transverse band of that colour ; legs black. The female is less deep in colour, inclining to brown above, and. to rufous beneath ; vent grey. I ■ ' m :' i' i .'! ol i i '/. ,-J i. !>'' 104 ORIOLE. M. Daudin received the above from Cayenne, with the Olive Oriole, to which he seems to think it allied, if not the same in any change of plumage. It is said to make a plain, round, hemi- spherical nest, of dried roots and fibres, and that many nests are commonly found on the same tree. UiMS M^r- 12.— CARTHAGENA ORIOLE Oriolus Cavtlia{i;e»ensi8, Ind, Orn. Sup. xxviii. Coracias Cartageiiensis, Scop. Ann. i. 40. C'arthageiia Oriole, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 126. Shaw''t Zool. v\\. 445, SIZE of a common Oriole. Bill and head black ; throat white; back varied rufous and brown ; breast, belly, and rump yellow ; wings and tail rufous, spotted with black ; from the base of the upper mandible to the nape, on each side, a white streak. This was brought from Carthagena, in South America, by CI. Jacquin, and placed in the Menagerie of the Emperor of Germany, at Vienna ; it was an unquiet, and clamorous bird. 13.— RED-HEADED ORIOLE. iii Le Troupiale k teterouge, Voy. d'Azara iv. No. 73. LENGTH eight inches and a quarter, extent twelve. Bill one inch, strong, strait, flattened at the base, but having the point as in other Orioles ; tongue short, forked ; head, and almost the whole neck before, a flaming red, so bright and glowing, that one might suppose those parts composed of glass instead of feathers ; yet they are rough to the touch ; thighs bright orange ; the rest of the bird black, of which colour are also the bill, mouth, legs, irides, and ■'•'ii' ■ ORIOLE. 105 edges of the eyelids; tail cuneiform, the outer feather half ah inch shorter than the others ; legs covered with scales. Inhabits Paraguay, and from thence extends to the River Plata. M ii 14.— MEXICAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Novae HispaniiE, Ind. Orn. i. 176. Gm. Lin. i. 385. Daud. ii. 341. Shaui's Zool.vW. 419. Icterus Mexicanus, Bris. ii. 88. Id. 8vo. i. 179. Acholchichi, Seba'i. 90. t. 55. f,4, Buf. i'l'i. 206. Mexican Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. 425. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill yellowish ; head, neck, throat, quills, and tail black ; neck, back, rump, breast, belly, sides, thighs, upper and under tail coverts, fine yellow ; lesser wing coverts black, the greater tipped with yellow. Inhabits Mexico. A. — Oriolus Costototl, Ind. Orn.'i. 177. Gm.Lin.u 385. Daud. u. 341. Shaw't Zool. vii. 440. Zool. Misc. tab. 2.> XochitototI, Rait, 167. Costototl, Id. 90. young bird. Icterus Nova; Hispanise, Bris. ii. 95. Id. 8vo. i. 182. Xochitol et Costotol, Buf. iii. 210. New Spain Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 407. Size of a Starling. Head, throat, neck, back, rump, and upper tail coverts black ; breast, belly, sides, and under tail coverts saffron- colour, mixed with black ; thighs black ; wings cinereous, beneath mixed with blai.'k and white ; tail saffron-colour, varied with black. Inhabits Mexico. The young birds are said to be yellow, except the tips of the wings, which are black. It is probable that the two last described form but one Species, of which the latter is the female, if not an imperfect male. YOI.. III. P ml M il!p I- i if h; ll 1;r ■ -i'l ; I" i, ■' i J 'ti ^k- ■ ll U'M ! < ?1 t; *• 1 .f- Mi I apH 106 ORIOLE. :i'; 15.— RING-TAIL ORIOLE. Oriolus annulatus, /nc{. Ont. i. 177. Gm. Ltn. i. 385. Daud.'n. 242. Shawns Zool. vii. 418. Icterus caud& annulate, Bris. ii. 89. Id. 8vo. i. 179. Comix flava, Klein. Av. 59. Avis Ocotzinitzcan, Seb. Mus. i. 97. t. 61. f. 3. Arc en «iueue, Biif. iii. 207. Ring-tailed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 425. SIZE of a Pigeon. Bill yellow, a trifle bent at the point; head throat, and neck, black; the rest of the body yellow, shaded with a deeper colour on the upper and lower tail, and lesser wing coverts; the greater and quills blackish, edged with pale yellow ; tail yellow, each featherinarked with a broad, transverse, blackish band, appear- ing, when the tail is spread, as a crescent, with the concave part towards the body; legs grey. Inhal)its America, where, according to Seba, it is accounted a bird of prey ; how far it is an Oriole or not, must solely depend on his authority. ir>.— BRASILIAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Brasiliensis, Lid. Orn. i. 177. Giu. Lin. i. ^S5. Daud. ii. 343. Shaw's Zool. vii. 448. Icterus Brasilieusis, Bris.u. 93. Td.Svo.'i. ISl. Muscicapa e fus(;o et luteo varia, Sloan. 309. Rnii Si/n. 180. 35. Urasiliau Oriole, (Jen. Si/n, i. 420. LENGTH four inches, breadth seven. Bill half an inch long, and black ; head and back light brown, spotted with black ; tail one inch and a half long, brown ; wings the same, with the ends whitish; about the eyes, the throat, sides of the neck, and tail coverts yellow ; l)reast the same, spotted with brown ; belly white ; legs brown, toes yellow. ORIOLE. 107 Inhabits Jamaica : common about the town of St. Jago, among bushes.— In Brisson, the size is said to be equal to a Starling, and if so, it must measure more than four inches. This species, therefore, wants further elucidation. (1 17.— JAPACANI ORIOLE. Oriolus Japacaiii, Tnd. Orn. \. 177. dm. Liii.\. SS5. />««H. p. 84. 12. JFill.l73. /. 88. Length nine inches and a half; breadth thirteen and a half; weight one ounce and three quarters. The head white, except a black spot on the crown ; neck and breast glossy black, spotted with white ; lesser wing coverts the same, but more faint ; bastard wing white and black ; outer quills white ; the rest of the bird brownisli black ; legs pale fiesh-coloiu'. This was brought to Mr. Hutchins, while at Hudson's Bay, b^ the name of Wawpawchou Chuckithou, in July 1781. Said to associate with other Blackbirds, but not common. B. — Oriolus Hudsoiiicus, Gtn. Lin. i. 387. Shawns Zool. vii. 441. Hudsoiiian White-headed Oriole, Arct. Zool. u. No. 148. Gen. Syn. Sup. SS. sect. 2. This is about one inch and a half shorter. Head and throat white ; ridge of the wing, first primary, and thighs the same, and a N;;*! ORIOLE. Ill few oblong streaks of white on the breast ; the rest of the bird dusky, glossed in parts with green. Found at Hudson's Bay, with the former, and there can be little doubt of both beini; Varieties of the White-headed Oriole. Ill' 11! ■' i' 21.— PARA ORIOLE. LENGTH ten inches. Bill near one inch and a quarter, sharp, and black ; from the nostrils a large, bare, dark-coloured space surrounds the eye, and continues behind, for some distance ; another of the same on each side of the throat, on the sides of the under jaw ; head, neck, and beneath fine golden yellow ; lesser wing coverts, and under the wing the same; the rest of the wing, back, and tail, fine glossy deep black ; tail rounded in shape, five inches and a half long, the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it ; llu- thigh feathers cover the joint before ; legs black ; claws hooked. A second was one inch shorter. Bill one inch ; round the eye. ;ind on the jaw bare, but the under part of the l)ill, and the l)are parts are pale ; the head, neck, wing coverts, and all beneath as in the other, but the colours less deep ; it differs, too, in having the back of the head, from the middle of the crown to the nape, black ; the plumage, which is bh.ck in the other, inclines to brown, and the margins of the feathers dull yellow brown ; legs pale. These birds are in the collection of Lord Stanley , and came trom Para, in South America; they seem much allied to the Black- crowned or following Species, if not the same ; but the bare cheeks are not mentioned in the tlescription of that bird, nor is any such character observable in the PI. enluminees. 'i-fn:;> .4: HMM 112 ORIOLE. 22— BLACK-CROWNED ORIOLE. Oriolus Mexicanug, Ltd. Orn. i. 170. Lin. i. 162. Gm. Lin. i. 386. Shaw'i Zool. vii. 410. Icterus Mexicunus, Daud. ii. 347. Icterus fuscuB Nova* Hispania*, Brit. ii. 105. Troupiuli! jaune A calotte noire, Bi^f.m. 222. Bluck-crowiied Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. 431. Id. 8vo. i. la'i.— female. PI, enl. 533.— male. LENGTH eight inches and three-quarters. Bill yellowish ; head, throat, neck, breast, belly, sides, under tail coverts, lesser wing coverts, and beneath them yellow ; crown, back, rump, and upper tail coverts black brown ; greater wing coverts the same, edged with yellowish grey ; quills and tail black ; legs yellowish. The female has the bill and legs pale : crown and under parts of the body dusky brown ; quills and taii dusky. Inhabits Mexico and Guiana. 23.— OLIVE ORIOLE. Oriolus Capensis, Jnd. Orn.'i. 184. Gm. Lin. i. 392. Shaw's Zool. ru. 447. Icterus flavus, Daud. ii. 338. Xanthornus Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 128. Id. 8vo. i. 191. Carouge du Cap de B. Espcrance, PI. enl. ()07. 2. — — — olive de Caj eniie, BuJ". iii. 251. Olive Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. .^44. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 149. LENGTH seven inches. Bill brown ; i)lumage in general olive l>rown above, and yellow beneath; crown greyish ; throat, and neck before, inclining to orange ; edge of the wing yellow ; coverts brown, margined and tipped with olive green ; quills and tail brown, edged with olive ; legs brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; varies in having the forehead, clieeks, and under parts yellow ; the upper brown ; wings and tail darker, edged with yellow. ORIOLE. 113 Buflfon received one from Louisiana, which differed only in having the throat black, instead of orange, and the general colour inclining to olive, but he is doubtful if the same, being of opinion that no true Oriole is to be found on the Old Continent. 24.~-BLUE ORIOLE. Oriolus ccpruleus, Ltd. Orn. i. 185. G'm. Lin. i. 393. Shawns Zool. vii. 447. Icterus cceruleus, Duud. ii. 330. Xaiithorniis cceruleus, Bris. ii. 125. Id. 8vo. i. 11)0. Pull. Spic. vi. p. 3. a. Pica Muderaspataim iTiinitna, RaiiWib, 1. 1. f. 11. Blue Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 444. BILL rufous ; plumage in general black or ash-coloured, excent the head, wings, and tail, which are blue. Inhabits Madras ; called by the Gentoos, Peach-Caye. Dr. Pallas is of opinion, that it is certainly an Oriole, though the smallest of its race.^«* M. Fermint mentions one not unlike, at Surinam. Bill black ; head and upper parts blue, as far as the back ; wings and tail black, on the former a long white spot ; :j: rest of the body sky blue. He adds, that it suspends the nest from the branches of trees. 25.— CRIMSON-BILLED ORIOLE. LENGTH six inches. Bill three-quarters of an inch, stout at the base, sharp at the point, and crimson ; plumage fine blue, but the front, chin, and bend of the wing approach to white ; through the eye, from the nostrils, a broad black streak, inclosing the eye, and ending at the nape in a point ; quills brown ; tail pale ash- colour, a trifle rounded at the end ; legs red. * Contra Xanthornus verus est, quamvis in suo Genere miautissimus, et solo cyaneus, vigesimus octavus Brissonii: t Deter. Surin. ii. 171. J Can this Author mean the White-winged Oriole ? VOL. III. Q n •'■f; ! '■ 1 !i i II !♦ ' ii "I 4 > i 1. ■ I J . A' f ""•nmMppmapHPP T .■ 1 S Mil li w .1! i ■' if ( k ■ it "ii ' w !i^ '^ll Ivl 114 ORIOLE. A drawing of this is in the collection of Sir John Anstruther, said to inhabit the Eastern Islands in India ; probably it may not very widely diifer from the blue, or last described. 26.— ICTERIC ORIOLE. Oriolus Icterus, Ind. Orn. i. 176. Lin. i. 161. Gm. Lin. i. 384. Bris. ii. 86. t. 8. f. l. /«/. 8vo.i. 178. Shaw's Zoul.v'u. 420. Icterus vulgaris, Daud. ii. 340. Merula ex uigro-viridescente, &c. Gerin. 3. t.306. Coracias Xanthonius, Scop. Ann. i. No. 42. Pica luteo-nigra varia, Sloan. Jam. 301. t. 259. Kaii 81. 10. Klein. Ac. 03. 10. Turdus oculis coeruleis, Kleiti. 69. 20. Id. 70. 33. Guira-taiigeima, Rait 45. Will. 97. t. 43. Id. Engl. 141. Troupiale, Bnf. iii. 203. t. 16. PI. enl. 532. Yellow and black Pye, Cates. Car. App. t. 5. Bonana Bird, Alb. ii. pi, 40. Brown. Jam. p. 447. Icteric Oriole, Gen, Syn. ii 424. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length nine inches and half. Bill hoary, or black, with a brown base ; skin round the eye naked, and bluish ; i rides yellow ; head, and neck before to the breast, middle of the back, great part of the wings, and the tail black ; shoulders, and the rest of the bird golden yellow ; on the wing joverts an oblique bar of white, and a patch of the same on the quills ; legs as the bill. In some birds the yellow is much deeper than in others, .so as to be completely orange-colour. Inhabits Carolina, also Brazil, and all the Caribbee Islands : feeds on insects ; hops like a Magpie, but in its actions very like the Starling ; is ferocious, and will attack oirds much larger than itself, for which purpose four or five will unite. In some places kept in houses tame, as it kills insects of all kinds, making them its food ; will often tear up tlie cases of moths, which are spun up, for the sake of the pupa^. The nest i>; curious, as in many of this Genvis, made in the form of a cylinder, and su.spended from the end of the outmost y,\. '•::Wi ORIOLE. 115 branch of a tree, not unfrequently near habitations, and by tliis precaution it is safe from the plunder of other animals. One kept tame at Lady Emily Macleod's, fed on any vegetable diet ; was fond of the kernels of apples, and opened nuts given to it, without difficulty, for the sake of the contents. 1;- ll 1 1 i i> ill 27.— BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Oriolus Baltimore, Tiid. Oin. i. 180. lAn. i. 1G2. Gtn. Lin, i. 389. Boroicsck. ii. 115. t. 11. Spalowsk. Vog. t. 4. Shaw's Zool. vii. 425. Icterus Baltimore, Dand. ii. 348. minor, Bm. ii, 109. t. 12. f. 1. /«/. 8vo. i, 180. Kleir-.Av. p. 08, Le Baltimore, Biif.Vu. 231. /V. «i/, .')0G. 1. Baltimore Oriole, Gen. Sijn. ii. 432. Arct. Zool. ii. 142. pi. 12. Cat. Car. i; pi. 48. Bartr. Tr. p. 288. Gent. Mag. xxiii. pi. p. 180. Amcr. Gtn. i. j-l. 1. f. 3.— male. /(/. pi. 53. f, 4. — female. LENGTH seven iuclies. Bill lead-colour; head, neck, and upper parts of the body black ; the rest of the body orange; also the beiul of the wing and the lesser coverts ; rest of the wing dirty brown ; greater coverts and (juills black, the first tipped with white, making a bar on the wing ; the last margined with white; the two middle tail feathers black, in shape somewhat forked, yet the outer feather is a quarter of an inch shorter than the others, so as to appear doubly rou'.ided ; the four outer feathers are orange from the middle to the tips, the next just tipped with the same; legs black. The female has the head and back olive, edged with pale brown ; wing coverts the same, with a bar of white ; under parts, and tail coverts yellow ; tail dusky, edged with yellow. Inhabits various parts of North America, often in flocks ; migrating as far as Montreal to the North, and to Brazil on the South ; most common in Virginia, The nest loosely constructed, of Q 2 m ! V ■' 1 I s 116 ORIOLE. I a some downy matter in threads, formed not unlike a purse, fastened to the extreme forks of the tulip, plane, or hiccory tree ; there are four white eggs, marked with rufous spots ; called by the common people Fire Birds, and justly, as they appear in their quick movements from tree to tree, like a flash of fire. It is generally three years before the plumage is complete ; sometimes the whole tail of the male, in the spring, is yellow : at others the two middle feathers are black, and frequently the back skirted with orange, and the tail tipped with the same ; feeds chiefly on caterpillars, beetles, &c. ; has a clear mellow whistle, but it can scarcely be termed a song. Hi A.— Oriolus spurius, Ind. Orn.'x. 180. Liii. Si/st.'u 162. Gin. Lin, \. CS9. Bartr. Trav. 28S. Shaw's Zool. y\\. 426. Icterus minor spurius, Bris.'u. 111. t. 10. f.3. /right. Inhabits Martinico, Jamaica, and other West India Islands. It makes a nest of a curious construction, from fibres and leaves, in shape of the fourth part of a globe, sewed, with great art, to the under part of a Bonana leaf, .so that the leaf makes one side of the nest. ORIOLE. 119 30.— HANG-NEST ORIOLE. Onolus nidipendulus, Ind. Orn. i. 181. Cm. Lin. i. 390. Dand. ii. 2-33. Sharo^s Zool. VII. 430. Icterus minor, &c. &c- Sloan. Jam. 300. pi. 258. 3. liaii Sun. 184. Hang-nest Oriole, Gen- Si/n. ii. 437. THE bill, according to Sloane, is white, surrounded by a black line ; crown of the head, neck, back, and tail, reddish brown ; the wings deeper, intermixed with white, and a black line on the middle of the neck ; the sides of the breast, neck, and belly are of a feuillemot colour. He mentions a variety with the back more yellow; breast and belly light yellow, and the bill black. And adds, that this bird i. common m the woods, and sings not unpleasantly; makes its nest of stalks, or inward hairs of Oldman's Beard, which is like horse hair, on high trees; such nests are often seen on the extreme twigs of the tallest, when the Jeaves are fallen off which hide them; known by the names of Watchy-Picket, Spanish Nightingale, and American Hang-nest. It seems to bear some affinity to the Bonana, in resi3ect to the nidification, but differing in the materials with which the nest is composed. i ': iH 31.--CHESTNUT AND BLACK ORIOLE. Gm. Lin. i. 390. Shaw's Zool. vij, 427, Oriolus castaufus, Ind. Orn. i. 181. Icterus varius. Baud. ii. 3-34. Le Caiouge de Cayenne, PL cnl. 607. 1. Oriolus mutatus. Orchard Oriole, Amer. Orn. i. pi. ,v. Bastard Baltimore, Cates. Car. pi. 49. lower figure! Chestnut and black Oriole, Gen. Spi. ii. 437. Id. Sup. ii. 124. LENGTH six inches. Bill blue black; head, neck, breast, and to the middle of the back black; the lower part of the back, the ¥i 120 ORIOLE. nimp, and all beneath from tlie breast, dull ferruginous ; the lesser wing coverts the same, but the greater, the quills, and tail are black ; the second quills fringed on the outer edges with dusky white ; tail much rounded, the two middle feathers two inches and three quarters, and the outer two inches and a quarter in length ; two or three of the outer fringed at the tip with a very pale-colour ; the wings reach one-third on the tail ; legs as the bill. The female is pale greenish brown above, and full yellow beneath ; crown dusky yellow ; wing feathers with very pale, nearly white, margins. A young cock, of the second summer, is like the female, but the yellow more dusky ; the chin, fore part of the neck, and throat black, which is seen at the base of the upper mandible, between that and the eye. A cock of the third summer is olive yellow, tending to brown above, yellow beneath ; some black markings at the beginning of the back, above each shoulder; wings dusky black, the feathers having pale edges ; all beneath yellow ; chin, throat, and neck black, as far as the ears, and even with the eye on the forehead : base of the tail mixed with black ; on the breast a few markings of ferruginous orange ; the upper part of the tail plain olive. We are indebted for these observations to Mr. Abbot, who further informs us, that these birds frequent the sides of ponds in the spring, and first part of summer, sitting on the top sprigs of the saplings, or branches of the large pines, to warble out their notes ; as soon as the young are able to follow the parents, they all leave Georgia. The female begins to build the beginning of May, making the nest in the fork of a sweet gum tree,* curiously woven with the small stalks of ji plant, like green hay, lined with wool, and lays five eggs, of a pale or whitish blue, marked or streaked round the larger end with dark brown. Young cocks have the manners of the old ones, singing * Amyris bahamifera.--\J\n. ORIOLE. 121 as strong, and are in general more shy ; the colours in different birds also vary much, having more or less chestnut and black spots, and in the distribution of colours. One sent by Mr. Abbot, had the upper parts like a female, but more inclined to green ; beneath like that sex, but the yellow rather deeper ; chin and throat black ; and from the nostrils to the eyes, the black margined beneath with a ferruginous tinge. This was probably a cock of the first summer, as, according to Mr. Abbot, they do not acquire the full plumage for three or four years. We have much the same account in the Amer. Ornithology, in which Mr. Wilson observes, that they generally make the nest of a hemispherical shape, and suspend it from the twigs of an apple tree, usually in orchards; and that it is composed of a loose, tough, flexible grass, well knit and sewed together, lined with wool, and light down of the seeds of the Button-wood ;* and that the hen sits fourteen days. We learn, too, that the chief food is insects ; and the young birds are easily raised from the nest, being now and then kept for the sake of the song. ml 'I i < 32.— LESSER BONANA ORIOLE. Oriolus Xanthornus, Ind. Orn.'i. 181. Lin.Syst.'u 102. Gm.Lin.i. 391. Nut. Misc. pi. 243, Shaw's Zool. vii. 432. Xanthornus Mexicanus, Bris.n. 118. t. 11. 2. /c/. 8vo i. 183. Icterus Xanthornus, Daud. ii. 334. Ayoquantototl, Rail St/n. 171. Seb. ii. 102. t. 90. 4. Klein. Av. 54. 7. Petit Cul jaune de Cayenne, Buf. iii.. 247. PI. enl. 5. f. 1. Lesser Bonuna Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 438. Id; Sup. ii. 125. Ediv. pi. 243. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill blackish ; face, throat, quills, and tail black ; the rest of the bird bright yellow ; w'-sg coverts black, chiefly edged with white, as are the quills within, towards the base ; legs black. VOL. III. * Platanus occiJentalis, Lin. R K % ■ i I' i 'I I ■ri^ , 122 ORIOLE. Inhabits Jamaica, Mexico, &c. in some from the former place, the greater wing coverts were wholly white, and the yellow parts inclining to olive. Edwards's bird is bigger than that of Biisson : in the latter the lore and chin only are black ; but in the former the chin and throat also, and the coverts have a large portion of white ; the yellow parts in Brisson's are full and bright, but in that of Edwards of a greenisli yellow. i i: 33.— LEAST BONANA ORIOLE. LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill black ; through the eyes black ; chin and throat the same ; head, breast, and under parts fine yellow ; deeper and more inclined to orange on the two former ; back, wings, and tail fine olive or yellow green ; quills dusky, edged with the same ; tail rounded, plain ; legs brown. A second of these had the wing coverts deeply margined with yellow ; the rump fine yellow, as well as the under parts of the body; legs brownish flesh-colour. — Tlie chin in this bird is black, and cheeks under the eye, but not the throat; and being rather smaller, seems to prove it to differ in sex, or to be a young bird. 1^^ 34.— SAINT DOMINGO ORIOLE. Oriolus Dominicensis, Ind. Orn. i. 182. Lin. Si/st. i. 163. Gm. Lin. 391. Shine's Zool. vii. 442. Icterus Dominicensis, Daud. ii. 335. Xuntiiornus Dominicensis,, Bris.'u. 121. t. 12. f. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 189. Le Guirahuro, Voy. d'Azara, iii. Nos. 04 ? C5 .' Carouf^e de St. Domingue, Bris. iii. 347; PL enl. 5. f. 2. Saint Domingo Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 439. LENGTH eight inches, breadth twelve inches and a half Bill and legs black ; general colour of the plumage black, except some of the lesser wing coverts, and lower part of the belly and vent, whicli are yellow. v.i i 1 ORIOLE. 123 Inhabits Mexico, Jamaica, and St. Domingo, where it is called Demoiselle ; and at Jamaica, Lesser Bonana Bird ; but whether any way allied to the last but one described, is uncertain, for it is known by the same name.* The note is said to be like that of a Golden Oriole, with the sharpness of that of a Magpie ; and that these birds suspend their nests, which are in the form of purses, at the extreme twigs of large trees, especially when hanging over the river; it is also asserted, that in the nest are small partitions, in each of which is a separate nest ; these are very artful birds, and difficult to be taken. Le Guirahuro, of Azara, does not quite answer to oiu' bird. He says, the bill is black, irides chestnut ; head, and fore part of tlie neck dusky ; behind, and upper part of the back, quills, and upper wing coverts deep brown, lightly tinged with yellow, the same in respect to the upper tail coverts, which have, besides, a yellow margin; the rest of the plumage yellow. — If this be really the St. Domingo Species, it may not be in full plumage. It is very common in Paraguay, in the neighbourhood of water, especially on the River Plata, but not further South ; in small troops, but very shy ; male and female much alike. Said to form a suspended nest, hanging it between the thick reeds, more than a foot from the ground ; in one were three white eggs, spotted with rufous. •4 ' :• •r I k I i 1 ■*' !; J ■ •' i-r J) I 35.--JAMACAII ORIOLE. Oriolus Jamacaii, Ind. Orji. 1. 182. Gm. Lin. i. 301. Rail Si/n. 75. 4. JVill. 173. t. 42. Id. Engl. 237. pi. 42. Salern. Orn. 221. t. IG. 5. Shaw't Zool. vii. 438. Xanthornus Brasiliensis, Bris. ii. 120. Id. Svo. i. 89. Jamachai, ou Pic tin Bresil. Robert. Ic. pi. 4. f Cavouge du Bresil, Buf. iii. 249. Brasilia!! Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. 439. LENGTH nine inches and three qua i;ers. Bill black, base blue ; head, and fore part of the neck black, the rest of the body yellow ; * Supposed by Buffon to he male and female.— Hi*t. Ois. iii. bird has a black collar round the neck. R2 247. t Robert's ■ ■4nmHP««B 124 ORIOLE. between the wings a black mark ; wing coverts black, with a white spot in the middle; quills and tail black. Inhabits Brazil ; makes a nest of rushes, lined with hair, anil fa.^tens it to a great leaf of a Bonana, by means of long threads, passing through the leaf, from the ribs to the edges alternately, and resembling a pouch. 36.— YELLOW-WINGED ORIOLE. Oriolus Cayanensis, Ind. Orn.i. 182. Lin. i. 168. Cm. Lin, \. 891. Shawns Zoo I. vii. 433. Icterus Cayanensis, Daud. ii. 330. Xantliornus Cayaiiensis, JBm. ii. 123. t. 9. f. 2. Id. 8vo.\. 190. Troupiale noir k couvcitures desailes jaunes, Voy. d^Azara, iii. No. 07. Carouge de St. Thomas, Buf. iii. ^48. PI. enl. 535. f. 2. Y'ellow-winged Pye, Edw. 222. ■I Oriole, Got, Si/n. ii. 440. SIZE of a Lark; length eight inches and a quarter, breadth thirteen. The bill, legs, and the whole of the plumage black, except a spot of fine yellow on the wing coverts; tail rounded at the end. This is in plenty about Paraguay, towards the 28th de.2;ree of latitude ; less frequent at Buenos Ayres ; inhabits the Island of St. Thomas ; found at Cayenne, St Domingo, and Porto Rico. Male and female much alike when adult, but do not gain the full plumage till the third year. i'V I : , I'l xui /-©f.; i '///,. //-, « -//////>. 38, t. 2. f. 2. /J. 8vo. i; 1U2. Gracula chrysoptern, Mcrrem Ic. Av. lui^c.'i. p. 10. t. 3. GoUl-headed Oriole, Gen, Si/n, ii. 442. LENGTH eight inclies. Bill black, a trifle bent; top of the liead, and nape yellow; forehead, sides of the head, neck, back, rump, scapulars, breast, belly, upper part of the thighs, and sides shining black ; lower part of the thighs yellow ; upper and under tail coverts the same, but paler; lesser wing coverts beneath pale yellow, greater ones cinereous, mixed with yellow and black; alx>ve the lesser are fine yellow, the greater blackish ; quills black, with pale edges; tail blackish, rounded; legs lead-colour. In the Collection of Lord Seaforth was one, in which the tail was cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches long, the outer two and a half; in other things conformable to the above description. Brought from the Island of Trinidad. :|. t ■ \'.. 38.— WHITE-WINGED ORIOLE.— Pl. xlii, Oriolus leucopterus, Ind, Orn. i. 183, Gm. Lin. i. 392. Shaiv's Zool. vii. 433. Oriolus melaleucus, Mus, Carls, Fuse, ii. t. 31. Tangara noir, Buf. iv, 257. PI. enl, 179. 2. Troupiale des Bois noir k tache blanclie, Votj. d'Azara iii. No. 70. Guiana Tanager, Gen, Si/n. iii. 225. the Male. White-backed Maize-thief, Arct. Zool.ii, 141. Kalm. It, u. 274. White-winged Oriole, Gen. Si/n, ii. 440. pl. in title page, SIZE of a Lark ; length seven inches and three quarters. Bill and legs black ; general colour of the plumage glossy black, except M 1 ' J.: !l 1H* I i i ■;■! ' \% !l lis Ii iHii.' . II 9'1'mmfi ""<8 E£" 126 ORIOLE. I^'• life '■4 it 1^ ! 'i ■■m . IP . k fl'l: ; ? 11 ■tli li ^1 !!.':;■ r ill the inner wing coverts, on which is a patch of white ; under win^ coverts white ; tail three inches and a half long, even ; the wings reach rather beyond the base. Inhabits Cayenne, and is the male of the following. Tangara uoir, Bii/. ii. 257. PI. enl. 711. Guiana Ta:mger, Gen. Syn. iii. 225. the female. This is wholly rufous, inclining to i sh-colour beneath ; the bill is dusky ; legs yellowish. Inhabits Guiana, as well as Cayenne, in the more opeii spots, and lives on small fruits and insects; has a shrill voice, but not what may be called a song; generally seen in pairs, and never in flocks. 39.— YELLOW -HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus icteiocephalus, Ind. Om, i. 183. Li" i. 1G3. Gnu Liu. i. 392. Shaw's Zoet. vii. 434. Icterus icterocephalus, Daud. ii. 337. Xanthornus icteroceph. Bris.'\\. 124. 1. 12. f. 4. Id. 8vo. i. 190. Spalowsk. u. t. 17. Comix aira, capite, roUo, pectoieque flavis, A^. hJ. Petr. xi. 435. 1. 15. Coiftes jaunes, Buf. iii. 217. 10. PL enl. 343. '';ellow.!:eaded Starling, Edw. t. ,323. Yellow-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 441. LENGTH seven inches. Bill blackish ; base covered with short, black feathers; head, throat, and neck before fine yellow; the rest of f'?e plumage black, not glossy ; the lore black; legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne. A. — Length ten inches. Bill glossy black ; head and neck before to the breast, fine deep yellow; lore and round the eye black; the rest of the plumage black, slightly glossed ; some of the wing ORIOLE. 127 coverts are white, as also the bastard wing, forming an interrupted streak; under tail coverts mixed with yellow; tail even, four inches long ; legs stout, black. A specimen of this was in the collection of Mr. Bullock ; it measured more in length than the other, yet agreed in too many points to form a distinct Species. k '^ i J. ft. » 40.— SCHOMBURGER ORIOLE. Onolus induncholious, Lid. Orn. i. 184. Lin. i. 163. Cm. Lin. i. 392. Shaw's Zuol. vii. 435. Icterus inelaiicholiciis, Daud. ii. 337. Xiinthonius nanius, Bris. ii. 12G. Id. Svo. i. 191. Fringilla ex fusco et nigro vaiia, Klein. Av. 98. Scliomburger Oriole, G'e»t. Syw. ii. 441. /? Zool. vii. 428. Merula Indica pectore cintnibaiino, RaiHY}. Will. iA^. K/ciii. Av. m. Tanagramilitaris, Lid. Orn. i. 431. Lin. i 31G. Miis. Adolp. ii. 30. Cm. Lin. i. 805, Boroivsk. iii. 174, Emberiza militaris, Amccn. ac. iv. 241. Cardinalis fuscus, Urjs. iii. 51. /'^- m « s ^1% I'l,. .,--ii'«wi.ij '^i- i&i -r**" r', .■• t '^■*^ •«^<^ wmii -''%,. V •^ ■ V'-i iji ■ '4' I I ':,f' .:< i :-ll|i'- if m ■••ir 1 1 «' I II 1* m I |i M ''■ \ ! l-i'2 ORTOIK. Y<-llow-thwii>t.-ri'»(c, i:,n,.'Sya.Sui>. HO. Arct- Zcol. u. Y'^' } ,]C:'*\ji' \ i\ rtjt»» luthfs; lH-«-;>JiJ} (ift . .- ■■♦ Mf. ,•<<- \ trrijiifit •/■'••M'Ai :vtrt'u« '; i'^<*^ vsjut *!»roat. tl)f '•il.DJr ; lii*' liihabivs iJiui.son s Uhv • Mi VRP-'i:ULi-U> ♦HUOLK.— I r u.hj .,i-iliit ,» r ,»...■!•' (' ■•' A" . '< /(.i..-(', •. iJ. U»'». ,,!. ;m. r. ,? \v r SIZE ot'u. LarK ; len^rlh tiv«; (jn-*>--^ .uul u fa&f j Ji ^^^ . jil*'v , ivjflx /lark i.cown stretik.s ; Ihe thrsKtf t^ad iniddM; t»i '■•, '- vtltitc: t!ie back Vivruil ^^itll ash-oalour aii'f» c( will* >4;v;i,: -<^ «: coverts and quIUn il ,vkv. ♦.•d'*f;«i >v.'th liubl I'iidj.sli. I>«« uiHe cunolKnuj, «lu: iVaU.trs -^^ibarjH-pointfd, th* • colour nii«*;1i j*ft «* u>« quills, and •- vm^ obscurely barn^ Golden Oriole, Golden Thrush, Gen. Si/n.n. 449. Id. Sup. 89. Id. Sup: n. 120. i?r. Zool. App. iv. pi. 4. Id. 1812. 303. pi. 39. Lewin's Birds, ii. pi. 43. Nut. Misc. pi. 285. Or». Birt. &. 5k/j. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length nine inches and a half. Bill browni.sh red; irides red; plumage chiefly fine golden yellow; between the bill and eye a streak of black ; wings black, marked here and there with yellow ; on the middle of the wing a patch of yellow; the two middle tail feathers black, the base of them olive, and tlie tips yellow ; the others black from the base to the middle, from thence to the tip yellow ; legs lead-colour. The female is dull greenish where the male is black ; wings dusky; tail dirty green, all but {he two middle feathers yellowish white. The young birds resemble the females; at first are more spotted, but towards the end of August, the yellow begins to appear; they have a different note from the old ones, which is like the words Yo, Yo, Yo, sometimes followed by a mewing like a cat. i'i !!ii: :2ssssjz "MM iC^ ORIOLE. i^ I i! i This beautiful species is common in many parts of Europe said to be [ilentiftil in France in summer, and to lireed there ; migrates intc Eng'land and Sweden, but at rare and uncertain periods; is mentioned as a Russian species ; comes twice a year into Switzerland ; found also in Carniola ; is seen at Malta in September, on its passuge southward, returnivig- as spring advances to the north by tiie same track ; comes into Constantinople in the spring, and leaves it in Sep- tember ; but remains in Alexandria until November, when it departs ; appears at Gibraltar the end of April, but only a few stragglers on their passage, tlieir residence being in the more cultivated inland parts, where they meet with greater abundance of fmits, but some few never fail to stop in places where almonds, figs, cherries, oranges, pomci^.-anates, pears, locust, and other fruits grow, taking up tlieir residence among them for the summer , and in defect of other food, will be content with insects and their pupae. The nest is of a curious construction, not unlike some others of the Oriole tribe, in shape of a purse, fastened to the extreme forks of tall trees, and composed of fibres of hemp or straw, mixed with fine dry stalks of grass, lined with moss and lichen ; eggs four or five, of a dirty white, spotted with dark brown, most so at the larger end ; the female is so careful of her young, as sometimes to suffer herself to be taken with the nest and eggs ; and has been known to sit upon them in a cage, till she died. The bird has a loud cry, to be heard far off, and it is said to whistle before rain.-' The flesh is well relished, for Willughby mentions, having seen them exposed for sale in the poulterers shops at Naples; in short, they seem to be more or less frequent in the greater part of the old Continent. Russel found them at Aleppo, where they serve for food ; the same in Egypt, where they are fifteen days in passing, f There is no doubt of their being found in the province of Oude, in India, from whence drawings of both sexes have been sent to Lord Mount Norris, by the name of Pilluck. * Gesner. f Hist, Alep. ^'^ ^^ ORIOLE. 137 i''t: A. — The Mango Bird found by Mr. Macneil in plenty in the Isle of Salset,* seems to be a Variety only of the above ; general colours the same, but marked on the chin, throat, breast, and be- ginning of the belly with slender, dusky streaks ; the two middle tail feathers olive-yellow, with bright yellow tips ; the others, olive- yellow for half the length, then black, and lastly tipped with fine yellow; Mr. M. observes, that the notes are plaintive and melodious, though simple. Mr. Bartolomeof likewise mentions another, found in India, and known at Malabar by the name of Magnakli. This is said to be entirely yellow, except the wings, which are black. The Variety of Golden Oriole, among Mr. Salt's birds, differed in having a considerable portion of fine yellow on the margins of the wing coverts, so as to make them appear wholly yellow ; the margins also of all the quills are more or less yellow ; and except the three outer ones, all are marked at the ends with the same ; most of the second quills bifid at the tips, and broad ; the two middle tail feathers are black, the very tips yellow, the next on each side black, with part of the outer edge and end yellow ; the other four wholly yellow ; the inner one of these has the shaft black for one-thirti of the length. Bill and legs as in the European Species. m. ':! 53.— YELLO^V ORIOLE. Anipelis liitca, Ind. Orn. i. 3G8. Ampelis luteus, Mus. Carls, iii. t. 70; Yellow Chatterer, Gen. St/n. Sup. ii. 190. LENGTH six inches and a half Bill black ; at the gape a spot of white ; body above olive brown, beneath yellow, growing white towards the vent ; rump yellow ; the two middle tail feathers black, tipped with yellow ; the others dusky yellow ; legs black. : f * Archtpolog, viii. 252. t Voy. to India, 224. VOL, III. .1' lUH*AiftS°J:#:T HI! N. I WR ^mmmmm '91 'I M 138 ORIOLE. From whence the above came seems not to be known. Tlie bill in Dr. Sparnnan's figure is a trifle bent, but very shar)3 at the point, more like that of an Oriole than of a Chatterer, as M. Sparrman calls it. It is probably a Variety of the female of the Golden Oriole ; or a young bird in imperfect plumage. 54.— BLACK-CHEEKED ORIOLE. LorioUor, Levail. Afr. vi. 49. No. 260. RATHER larger than the Common Oriole, but much like it. Bill and eyes deep brownish red, at the base a iosv hairs ; general colour of the plumage yellow ; through the eye to the nape a black streak, broader in the middle, and pointed before and behind ; wing coverts yellow, but some of them fringed with black; quills black, more or less edged with yellow, having more yellow as they are nearer the back ; tail two inches and three quarters long, cuneiform ; the two middle feathers black, with a spot of yellow, and pointed ; the others black, spotted with white, and the ends yellow, occupying a greater space as they are more outward, so that the exterior one is almost wholly yellow ; legs as the bill. The female is smaller, the yellow inclines to olive, and the black less pure. The young are olive-green, brownish on the wings and tail, and |)ale yellow on the belly and vent. Inhabits the South of Africa, and is there a Bird of Passage, being only met with during the time of incubation ; after the fruit season departing elsewhere : the nest not met with : the song of the male is much varied. I A. — Length nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, brownish red ; plumage fine yellow ; through the eye a black streak to the ■ii > I ORIOLE. 1.3.0 nape ; lesser wing coverts yellow ; greater black edged yellow ; quills, cliiefly the inner, fringed with white ; tail black, the end for one-third yellow, but the two middle fe.ithers only yellow for a quarter of an inch ; quills reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs black. In the collection of Mr. Bullock. B.— Turdus flavus, Ind. Orn. i. 350. iwin. Lin. i. 830. Merle jaune de la Chine, Son. Voy. Iiid. ii. 193. Yellow Thrush, (Jen. Syn. iii. 03. Size of a Blackbird. Bill red ; irides grey ; plumage in general deep yellow, paler beneath ; shafts of the feathers white ; eye sur- rounded with white feathers ; from the upper mandible a band of black, finishing in a point beyond the eye ; legs red. Inhabits China. I find in Indian drawings one called Mutch- runga-Parowari : in this the upper parts have a tinge of green, the same streak through the eye ; tail cuneiform ; the two middle feathers yellow, the others black, spottetl with white : probably this differs from the last described only in sex. 55— COCHIN-CHINA ORIOLE. Oriolus Chinensis, Ind. Orn. i. p. 188. J. Lin. i. 100. Gm. Lin, i. 383. Gerin. iii. 320. Shawns Zool. vii. 412. Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 152. Oriolus Coehinsinen» .I.J.I.U.I.I.. . 11.11 142 ORIOLE. H-< 59. -NUN ORIOLE. Turdus Monacha, Ind. Orn. i. 357. Gm. Litu i. 824. Le Moloxita, ou la Religieuse d'Abissiiiic, Buf. ill. 406. Loriot Coudougnan, Levail. Afr. vi. 52. pl.2Gl.262. Nun Thrush, G'en. Syn. iii. p. 77. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill reddish ; head black, descending on the throat, and ending in a point on the breast ; upper parts of the body yellow, more or less tinged with brown ; the under pale yellow; wing coverts and tail feathers brown, bordered with yellow, the end rounded ; quills blackish, edged with light grey ; legs cinereous. Inhabits the woods of Abyssinia, and feeds on berries and fruits ; fountl frequently on trees, growing on the edges of precipices, which renders it difficult to shoot, or to obtain afterwards. M. Levaillant says, the female is smaller, the colours more dull, and the young even more so ; found very abundant in all the forests East of Africa, from Brak Rivier to the Caffi'es ; the nest of twigs, fine roots, and moss, lined with feathers; eggs dirty white, with brown spots, encircling the larger end ; the notes very agreeable, and it imitates those of other birds, its own supposed to resemble the word Coudougnan. Mr. Salt met with this at Mozambique, on a mango tree. |i 60.— STRIPED-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus radiatus, Itid.Orn.\. 188. Gtn.Liii.'i. 384. Shaw's Zool. vii; 443. ■ capite striato, Bris. ii. 332. Id. 8vo. i. 249. Mcruhi bicolor, Aldrov. ii. 624. Raii 67. Will. 144. Loriot i\ tete raj'ee, Buf. iii. 265. Striped-headed Oriole, Gen. Syn. ii. 453. LESS than a Blackbird. Bill reddish yellow ; head, and neck before black, the feathers tipped with white ; hind part of the neck. :!ii !• I ORIOLE. I4ii back, rump, and upper tail coverts reddish yellow; beneath the body the same, but paler ; wing coverts and quills black, edged with white; tail reddish yellow ; legs yellow, claws reddish. Country uncertain; probably belongs to the last described . Among the birds brought from Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt, is one apparently between the two : in this last the tail is greatly rounded, the two middle feathers greenish olive, ends fringed with yellow ; the next the same, with a dusky tip ; the others black, with yellow ends; the yellow having most space on the outer feathers. 61.— YELLOW-BACKED ORIOLE. Oriolus Xanthonotus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 152. .:f ^ '.I : LENGTH six inches and a half Bill red; plumage chiefly black ; the belly whitish, streaked with black ; scapulars, axillaries, rump, vent, and inner part of the tail feathers yellow; legs black. Inhabits Java. >--, ft i' il '^ ^ il I Hi Vi H«. i If i I i ;: ; I- \ : I I" I ij !, ,i ■Atai^^MMi 144 GRAKLE. GENUS XVIII— GRAKLE. ( * ff'j Pagoda Gr. () Malabar Gr. 7 Grey Gr. ^> (lingi Gr. 1) Gosalic Gr. A Var. 10 Jit van Gr. 11 Xew-HoUand Gr. 12 Surinagur (ir. 13 Indian Gr. 14 C'ockscomb Gr. 15 Vellow-faced Gr. 10 Bare-neekfd Gr. 17 Fetid Gr. 18 Tufted Gr. 19 Long-billed Gr. * * The Head covered with feathers: 20 Crested Gr. 21 Dial Gr. A Var. 22 Egyptian Gr. 23 Abyssinian Gr. 24 Green Gr. 25 Black-headed Gr- 20 Pied Gr. 27 Cinereous Gr. 28 Brown Gr. 29 White-vented Gr. 30 Sattin Gr. 31 Glossy Gr. 32 Shining (ir. 33 Boat-tailed Gr. 34 Crcorgian CJr. 35 Purple Gr. 30 Chili Gr. 37 Noble Gr. 38 Climbing (ir. .39 Picoid (Jr. OILL convex, a little compre-ssetl on the side.s, and eultrated. Nostrils small, often near the edge. Tongue various. Toes three before and one behind, the middle one connected at the base with the outer. Claws hooked and sharp. * WITH THE HEAD MORE OR LESS NAKED. m 1.— MINOR GRAKLE. Gracula religiosa, Ind. Orn. i. 189. Lin. Si/n.'i. IG4. Gm. Lin. i. 39o. Bor. Nut.w. 118. 1. 12. Daud. ii. 283. Shaw's Zool. vii. 451. t: 54. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anaf. p. hi. Sturnus Indicus Bontii, Rait Si/n. G8. Will. \4b. t.38. Klein. Av. GO. Geriu. \\\. p. 318. t.74. Corvus Javanensis, Oslt. //. i02. Id. Engl. i. 157. Eulabes religiosa, Lin, Tran.\\u. p. 102. V M If ' GRAKLE. 143 Le Mainate, Buf. iii. 410. pi. 25. PL enl. 208. Bris. ii. 305. t. 28. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 2 12. Dl'i- Plauderer, oder Minor, Schmid Vog. p. 40. t. 33. Boiitius's Indian Starling,', Will. Engl. 190. pi. 38. Minor Grakle, Gen. Sijn. ii. 455. Id. Sup. 00. Alb. ii. pi, 38. Hist. Sumatr. 98. Edw. pi. 17. SIZE of ji blackbird ; length ten inches and a half; expanse of wing nineteen inches. Bill orange-colour, paler at the tip; nostrils oblong, in the middle of the bill; irides hazel; feathers on the top of the head short, like velvet, but down the middle as on the rest of the body ; on each side of the head is a naked membrane, from beneatli each eye to the hind head, but does not unite there ; it is irregular as to breadth, loose on the edges, and yellowish, varying in different seasons of the year, or when the bird is angry, or pleased : the general colour of the plumage is black, glossed with purple, violet, and green, in different lights ; sometimes with a slight tuft at the back of the neck, below the nape ; on the quills a bar of white ; tail even at the end, consisting of twelve feathers, and is three inches in length ; legs orange ; claws pale brown. This species inliabits various parts of the East Indies, in the Isle of Hainan, and almost every Isle beyond the Ganges ; remarkable for whistling, singing, and talking, more so than any Parrot, and very distinctly, imitating the human speech in greater perfection than any other of the feathered tribe ; its food is said to consist of vegetables of all kinds, and fruits ; is particularly fond of cherries and grapes, at least is greedy of them in a tame state ; it is easily .\\. Merle cliauve des Pliilippines, Gouliii, Biif. iii. 420. PI. cnl. 200. Itin^, Tabadurvi, Guliii, Palalaese Species, Phil. 7Vrtni-. xxiii. 1307.43. Bald Grakle, Gen. Si/n. ii. 457. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length ten inches, breadth fourteen and a quarter. Bill brown ; head and cheeks bare, and fle.sh -colon red, but down the middle, from the base of the bill to the hindhead, is a narrow list of short brown feathers ; general colour of the plumage, on the upper parts of the body, is silvery eish, beneath grey brown ; ORAKLE. 14: wing coverts, quills, and tail black hrown, the last three inches and a half in length ; legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and said to build the nest in hollow trees, especially the cocoa nut ; lives on fruits, is very voracious, soon digesting what it eats, insomuch that a vulgar error has arisen, of there being no circumvolution of intestines, but only one strait passage from the mouth to the vent; it is reported to be a noisy, chattering bird, au\''' r triangular bare red space, taking rise from the nostrils, as a line ; throat, neck, and upper parts of the breast blackish, tinged with grey ; lower part of the latter, back, rump, scapulars, upper and under wing, and upper tail coverts and thighs, chestnut brown ; belly, sides, edge of the wing, under wing and tail coverts, whitish ; prime quills half white, half dusky, secondaries brown ; tail deeper brown, the side feathers tipped with white ; legs yellow.* The female like the male in plumage. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and Bombay ; also Ceylon ; is a various feeder, and very gluttonous in its appetite ; is useful in its wild state, in freeing the backs of oxen from vermin, and has been known, when kept in confinement, to swallow a young rat, more than two inches long, whole, after bruising it against the wires of its cage ; is also very fond of locusts and grasshoppers. Tliey build twice in a year, chiefly in the forks of palm trees, though not un frequently in outhouses, making a coarse sort of nest, and generally lay four blue eggs. Tlie young birds are easily tamed, and soon learn to speak, imitating the cries of the common domestic poultry, &c. This was ranked formerly by Linnams with his Paradise Bird, on account of the velvet-like feathers about the bill ; but why he should have named it tristis is not so clear, as, according to Dr. Buchanan, it is the most cheerful bird in India : it has a great variety of musical powers, is often very noisy, but sometimes, especially at dawn, has a pleasant chirping song. When these birds meet with a snake, they assemble round it, and scream violently, and by this means discover it to others ; when tame, it will imitate the human voice ; eats grain, milk, and insects ; builds in trees, lays the eggs in June, in the hollows, on a little straw ; a nest of one met with, of twenty inches in diameter, was made of bents ; in it were two greenish blue eggs, one end much narrower than the other. Dr. B. says it abounds in * I observe a drawing of one from India, with the bill, caruncle, and legs orange. Thi» ia called Gursall Mainah. Another of these, not widely differing, was named Saulak. \t GIIAKLE. 149 India,^ and calls it a Thrusli, as it lias a notch at the tip of the upper mandible ; but this, though a general circumstance, is not an exclusive one, as some birds, by no means of that Genus, have it, and others, reputedly Thrushes, have no trace of such character. In the Hindustan Language it is called Desy Meina ; at Ceylon, Kawadiya, or Eoms-kowy-deah. A.^Gruculu melunoptera, Daud.'u. 280. Size of the former, and differs greatly in plumage, being wholly white, excepting the quills, which are black. One of these is in the Museum at Paris, and appears to be a mere Variety. B. — Length seven inches and a half. Bill one inch, deep yellow ; at the base arises a bare yellow space, continuing beneath the eye, and behind it, for near a quarter of an inch, ending in a point ; plumage in general fine pale ash-colour, paler on the lower belly and vent ; sides of the head inclining to dusky ; lesser wing coverts as the back ; the greater, and second quills dusky black, the base of the latter white for some length, forming a bar ; greater quills white, but dusky in the middle; tail two inches long, rounded, wholly white, the quills reach to three-fourths of the length, when closed ; legs pale yellow. Inhabits India ; found at Cawnpore, in September. — General Hardwicke. * I have before mentioned, that the inhabitants of the Isle of Bourbon having imported some of these birds, for the purpose of destroying the grasshoppers, they increased so fast, that after hiiving cleared away the insects, they attacked not only the fruits, but the young pigeons, and became a greater scourge than the grasshoppers had been before. We learn, however, that this assertion is not precisely the fact, and most likely M. Buffon had been misinformed; for M. Duplessin, who gave it ai his opinion, that these birds might usefully be introduced into that part of Spain, situated towards Africa, by way of deitroying the locusts, had been many years resident in the Isle of Bourbon, where he had seen them intro- duced ; that, indeed, they hare much multiplied there, but so far from their being considered as a nuisance, the laws for their preservation are still in force. f " .. Hi I ■ ' IP is*ii i i 150 GRAKLE. 4. -WHITE-HEADED GRAKLE. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter, black ; head diui white ; from the nostrils to the eye, all round it, and for some space behind, bare, and pale yellow ; round the neck u collar of black, broader on the fore part; back and shoulders, wings and tail brownish black ; the quills deeper ; some of the second tipped with white; the outer edge of the wing, from the bend, half way white; from the breast to the vent, white; bend of the legs dusky ; shins pale brown, or horn-colour. Inhabits Cochin China. — General Davies. 5.— PAGODA GRAKLE. TurdusPagodaium, Lid. Orn.'i. 332. Gm. Lin.\. 816. Giacula Pagodan.ni, Shaw'n Zool. vii. 471. Sturnus subroseus, Nat. Mis. Nj. 805. Martin, T.m. Man, Ed. ii. Antd. p. Iv. Le Martin Branic, Son. Voy, Ind.xu 189. Daiid.u. 287. Lcvail. Ois. \A. 9o. 1. Pagoda Thrusli, Gen. Si/n. iii. 30. Id. Svp. 140. Penn. Hindoost. ii. 207. hi'l h 1 LENGTH .seven or eight inchas. Bill black, the end half yellow; irides blue; feathers of the head black, long, narrow, and form a crest; these of the throat, neck, bren,st, and belly the same in shape, coloui dull rufous ; on the neck they are streaked down the middle witli white, and appear di.stinrt, like the hackles »>f a Cock. Back, rump, and wings blue-grey ; quills and tail black ; mider wing and tail coverts white ; legs yellow. In some specimens the feathers of the neck are not streaked with white ; round the eye somewhat bare ; the outer tail feathers tipped with white, — Levaillant's bird, the .size of a Starling, did not differ umch in colour, but the plumage rufous h ' GRAKLE. 151 grey ; tail rounded, the outer feather white, except at tlie base, the rest white, lessening as they are more inward, and the two middle ones are wholly black. One of these was in the collection of General Da vies. Inhabits the Coast of Malabar, and Coron^andel, in India, and there called Martin Brame, as it is chiefly se.n about the tops of pagodas ; but the name it is most known by ,s Powee or Powe-ner. Mr. L, met with great flocks at the Cape of Good Hope, passing from west to east, under 27 degrees of latitude South, where he first fell in with the Cameleopard, but liiey rarely flew withii^ gun-shot ; lie killed two males, but the natives did not seem to know the birds : in India thev are k^nt in cagr.s for the sake of their sonii'. One of these Mas seen alive at Mr. Kendrick's, in Piccadilly. i i| i 'ar, where it is kept in cages, j'lid called Powee, as tlie last ; in the Bengalese tongue De.ssee Powee, or Native Powee, so called by the people of Calcutta, from being in that neighbourhood; it builds in small bu-shes ; goes in fl.ocks, :,! (it , ^mmmmmmmm 152 GRAKLE. and lives on seeds and fruit. Dr. Buchanan observes, that it is not a Variety of the Pagoda Species, yet the two have great affinity in size and shape, but differ in colour. A bird, seeminglj' a Variety, was seven inches and half in length. Bill one inch, stout, yellow ; head and throat furnished with short, stiff" grey feathers ; through the eye rufous brown ; the rest of the plumage fine rufous brown, inclining to the latter on the belly and vent ; quills and tail dusky ; legs rough and scaly, pale oker yellow ; wings and tail nearly even. Found at Sierra Leone. In another drawing a black streak begins at the gape, passes round the eye, and ends in a point just behind. Probably this may differ in sex. 7.— GREY GRAKLE. Gracula grisea, Daud. ii. 286. Shawns Zool. vii. 409. Martin gris de fer, Levail. Ois. ii. 187. pi. 95. f. 2. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch long, orange ; head black, the feathers narrow and stiff; irides red-brown ; behind the eyes a triangular, narrow, bare, orange-coloured space ; beneath from the chin and upper parts of the body iron-grey, tending to fulvous on the neck and breast, and to brown on the nape ; from breast to belly a band the colour of polished beech wood ; under tail coverts the same ; quills black, the ten first white at the base ; on the wing a tri- angular rufous spot ; lesser quills glossed with green or purple on the margins ; tail short, rounded, glossy black, the four outer feathers marked with clay-colour at the ends ; wings reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs citron-colour. In one specimen I observed, that all but the two middle tail feathers were orange at the end. Tlie female is smaller, and the colours less bright. Inhabits Africa. — M. Levaillant met with three females and two males at the foot of Bruntjes Hoogte, on the borders of the Bird GRAKLE. Viii River, in their passage from the east to the north-west. The end of the tail was worn, seemingly a proof of the bird building in holes of some sort, or trailing niuoh on the ground. Among Lord Mountnorris's birds, one had the whole head black ; the space behind the eye carunculated, narrow, and pointed; plumage more or less brown above, aud all beneath from the chin white ; near the outer edge of the coverts a triangular patch of white ; the tail feathers with the ends white, and some of them white at the base. Bill and legs pale yellow, lliis seems a Variety, and was called in one drawing, Ablak Mainah — in a second, Sirwell 3Iyiia. 8.— GINGI GRAKLE. l: • Turdus Giiiginianus, Ind.Orn.\. 362. Duiid.u, 288. (Graciila). Le petit Martin de Ginj^i, Son. Voij. Ind. ii. 104. Gingi Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup, 144. LENGTH eight inches. Bill orange, stiait, a trifle bent at tin- point, with a slight notch ; above carinated; nostrils oblong, covered with feathers ; tongue lacerated ; irides dark red ; the lids scaly, covered with dark feathers ; a bare, yellow, wrinklt-d skin, from the gape, reaching behind the eye, and round it ; feathers of the head sharp-pointed, those in fiont longer, and may be erected as a crest, colour greenish glossy bkick ; neck, back, rump, sides, and thighs, grey ; vent, and un1. enl. 280. Baud. \\. 303. Black and wliite liidiau Starling, Edw. pi. 187. Cape Stare, Gen. Si/n.\\'i. p. 5. Contra Stare, Gen. Si/n. ii. p. 5. A. Albin. iii. pi. 21. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch and four-tenths, flattened towards the point, and with a slight notch ; nostrils about the middle of the bill, the base half of which is orange-coloured, the rest white; tongue cleft, black, and about half the length of the bill ; orbits, and a small space round the eye, bare, and orange-coloured, pointed before and behind ; irides black, surrounded with a pale ring ; the feathers of the head lance-shaped ; from the nostrils a large patch of white, broad behind the eye, and narrowing in a point to the nape ; the rump, margin of the wing, to the shoulders, and all beneath the breast white, inclining on the latter to pale ash-colour ; the rest of the bird black ; the two exterior tail feathers are shorter than the others, and have the outer edges white ; legs brownish ; hind toe very strong; claws black-brown, hooked, and sharp. The female scarcely differs from the male. r.RAKLE. l.V) Inhabits India, and common abont Calcntta, tlnonghout the year; is the Gosabc of the Ben/a;alese, and known at Ilindnstan by the name of Abhika; also called by some Ablnka-mina ;* generally seen in pairs; lives chiefly on insects; usually found in pastures frequented by cows, on which account, in order to distinguish it from theSalic,t it has Go (that is, Cow) prefixetl to its name. The Contra, or Condra of Bengal, is not this, but a difterent bird, being aj)j)lied by the natives to the Jocose Shrike. I am indebted, for the above account, to Dr. Buchanan. This bird has been mentioned by some, as a native of the Cape of Good Hope, but, according to M. Levaillant, it belongs only to Bengal, as he never met with it at the Cape. A. — Among the Drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is a fine Variety, chiefly white; top of the head black and white, in streaks; chin and throat dotted with white; quills black; greater part of the tail feathers black, the rest white ; on the sides of the vent some black crescents; bill and legs yellow. In another similar Variety, nearl\ the whole of the plumage was white. The (losalic Grakle is mentioned as a bin! of Java, where it is called Jallak, and Jallak-ruring. 10.— JAVAN GRAKLE. Pastor tiirolor, Lin. Trims, xiii. p. 15.5. Horsfield. LENGTH eijjht inches and a half. Bill and leers vellow ; the plumage chieflx white ; the (piills and tail teathers black, the lasl white at the tips; on the back a blackish gi'ey band. Inhabits Java; known by the name of Jallak-awu. Sergut. * In one -r Central Hnrdwi. ke'- Drawings called AbtiiWa or Abisa; in anotlipr named t The Paradise, Crested, and (iingi Grukles, go by tliii> iianu'. X 2 I '■ I ' i i: Air i 1 ; ■ ■■1*1. ' Pi (U. i m < f i M«M MIki § 1:^1 150 GRAKLE. 11.— NEW-HOLLAND GRAKLE. LENGTH eight inches. Bill orange ; from the gape a bare yellowish skin, passing through the eye and behind, where it is sprinkled with minute black feathers ; head and chin black; neck and body slate-colour ; wings glossy black ; base of the greater quills rufous above, and white beneath ; under wing coverts rufous ; belly paler than the upper parts ; towards the vent rnfous; legs stout, and orange-coloured . Inhabits New-Holland ; there called Gattua 3Iaino. — Probably a Variety of the Gingi, or Gosahc Grakle. I ' n h , V' r 4 12.-SI RINAGUR GRAKLE. BILL yellow, pretty long ; on the forehead a rounded tuft of black soft feathers, standing upright, as in the Crested Grakle ; those of the crown black, and much elongated, so as to form a sort of crest, hanging over the nape behind ; general colour of the plumage pale greenish grey ; between the bill and eye downy, and behind the latter a naked, bare, blue space; wing coverts and tail blue; the rest of the wing blue-black ; legs long, pale greenish yellow ; claws bli»eneatli ; uiiigs and tail glossy black, uitli a tinge of green and pnrple in various lights ; tail even at the end, and the wings reach to about the middle of it ; legs long, i)ale yellow-brown. M. lioddart, who tiescribed this bird more than twenty years before it came under M. Levaillant's inspection, only liad seen the dead spe- cimen, which was sent from the Cape of Good Hope to Holland, in s])irits, and as it had wattled appendages on the jaw, as well as a crest of the same bare substance on the top of the head, although they appeared in the dry state of no particular colour, supposed them to have been, when the bird was living, the same as those of the common Cock, and described them, accordingly, of u red, or orange- colour. M. Levaillant, however, assures us, that he has met with great numbers of these birds, and that the ])lumage is not ditlerent from what is mentioned in the Nat tirforscher, the male having a double kind of wattle, springing from the base of the bill on each side, and hanging down for an inch or more, ending in a point ; on the forehead a kind of crest, of an irregular form, j)lacetl perpen- 1 Youn^ males resemble the old feiiiules, except tliat, at this time of life, the sides of the neck are clothed like the rest with feathers.* Inhabits Cayenne, Surinam, and throii;j;hout (jiiiana ; fretjuents great woods, and approaches plantations, with the Chatterers, as the fruit ripens, on which alone it feeds, niakin;>: the nest in high trees, on the borders of the great rivers. JM. Levaillant thinks that this bird ought to be placed among the Chatterers, having the same manners. In a specimen, which I observed in the Afuseum of the late Dr. Hunter, the bill was yellowish, with a black tip; the outer quill black; the rest the same, but outwardly grey, to near tin- tips; wing coverts and .second (pnlls pale grey ; tail six inches long, even ; the legs du.sky yellow. In the collectior, of Lonl Seaforth are both sexes of this bird. The male eighteen inches in length, of which the bill makes one, the colour of it pale, towards the end black, and a little bent downwanis ; the feathers come very forward at the base above, and are very short, like velvet; the rest of the head, the nape, and neck behind coveri'd with feathers of the .same structure, as is likewi.se the chin ; the under part of the eye is bare, .ind a large portion of each .side of the neck, but the latter is covered in .streaks of velvetv down ; the rest of the general plumage slaty black ; but all the wing coverts, and tmter part of the quills tine blue grey ; legs yellow and .stout. Th* temale is sixteen inches long, and in most things the same ; but on >v the forehead, crown, chin, and throat are velvety, and this sort of t»-xture ol feather less conspicuous ; the same bare space is seen on the sides of the neck as in the other, but without the velvet markings ; and the wing coverts, though paler than the rest, are of a darker, and less conspinious colour than in the other sex ; belly paler ; the ends of the feathers pale grey. These were brought from the Jsle of Trinidad. • This is tlw cnse with the younfj Hook, and no doiiht witli the Bald Crow, and the bareness of the face is easily accounted for; liut by what means the want of feathers on the sides of the neck is produci-d in this bird, is not easy to guess. VOL. III. Y 1 .; I r li hi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I If 1^ !££ 1.8 L25 1.4 J4 .< 6" - ► V vg Photographic Sciences Corporation ;i WEST MAIN STREET WESfTER.N.Y. 14580 (>16) 872-4503 fl i |H 'I I m in *JI ! ;t 1 ;1; r ^ •iS V l(»i GRAKLE. 17— FETID GRAKLE. (SiacnlH r(rti(1a, Ind. Orii. i. ISM). Lin. i. 1(>4. Gm. Lin. i. 390. Shaic*s Zool. vii, 4C0. C-oia. t. 2. 1. -J liorowsck, ii. 11!). JJaud.'u. 2!)0. Shaw\s Zuol. \\\. m>. Long-billed 'Jraklc, Ceii. Si/ii. ii. 4GG. LESS than tlie 15ee-i:jit(;r ; lengtli uwirly nine iiiclies. Bill thirteen lines lon^, anil a little bent ; iiides ilusUy ; nostrils distant from the ])ase, and covered with a membrane ; above the angles of the month two or three bristles ; tongue plain, dee[)ly bifid at the end, and lacerated on the edges ; head and neck black ; back brown, towards the rump ferruginous ; under parts of the bird dirty yellow ; the sides under the wings nndulated with black lines; on each side of the neck a naked wrinkled band, beginning at the evus, passinu lengthwise on the neck, and almost covered by the adjacent fea- thers; wings soot-colour, inclining more to brown towards the shoulders ; prime quills and part of the shafts white at the base, forming an oblique bar ; on the second qnills no white ; tail cunei- form, black, tipped obliquely with white at the end, most white on the outer feather, which is black oidy one third from the base ; legs long, robust, and black. Inhabits South America and Surinam. We owe the above ac- count to Dr. Pallas, who seems to be the only one who has seen the bird. Y2 r ;■;:■ r Ii ; il! k i,i 164 GRAKLE. • ♦ THE HEAD COVERED WITH FEATHERS. ■1 ■:■ \M V \ 20— CRESTED GRAKLE. Gracula cristatella, Ind. Orn. i. 192. Lin.i. 165. Gm.Lin.\. 397. Shawns Zool. vii. 45:3, Sturiius cristatella, Daud. il. 320. Mcrulu Sinensis cristata, Bris. ii. 252. Id. Svo. i. 228. Puiitor, Martin, Tetn. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Iv. Stiirnus crinihus cinereis, &c. Klein. Av. 04. Pastor fjriseus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 154. Merle luippe de la Chine, Buf. iii. 307. PI. enl. 507. Chinese Starlin>^, Edw. pi. 19. Hist. Sumut. 90. Crested Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 204. Id. Sup. p. 90. Id. Sup. ii. 128. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length eight inches and an half. Bill yellow; irides orange; plumage in general blackish, with a blue gloss; on the forehead, just over the bill, the feathers are longer, forming a kind of crest, to be erected at will ; greater quills %yhite half way from the base, the rest of the length blue black ; tail tiiree inches long, all but the middle feathers tipped with white ; legs dull yellow. This species is very common in China. Known there, in com- mon with the Minor, by the name of Lef koa, or Leuquoy ; kept in cages, and the figures of them often seen in Chinese paintings ; feed on rice, insects, worms, &c. In its tame state will repeat some words, but by no means with the facility of the 3Iinor, yet will learn to whistle. Is plentiful in the neighbourhood of the Ganges, as we have observed it among Indian drawings, under the name of the Surroo of the Ganges. In the British Museum is a specimen which is brown ; the head and neck only black, and the latter dusky ; under tail coverts white ; the tail, when expanded, is a little hollowed out in the middle ; all ilie ends of the feathers white, but the middle ones only white at the tips. I GRAKLE. This Icst came from the Mahratta Country, in India. also in Java, called there Jallak 165 Found Sungu. f M 21.— DIAL GRAKLE. i: 192. Lin. i. 1G5. Gm. Lin. i. 397, Shaw's ZooL Gracula Saularis, Ind. Orn. i. viu 474. Sturnus Saularis, Daud. ii. 321. Lanius Bengalensis niger, Bris. ii. 184. Id. Supp. p. 41. Id. 8vo. i, 209. Gerin. ii. 1. 157. Fringilla nigra, Klein. At. p. 98. La Pie-griesclie noire de Beiigale, Buf. i. 297. Le Cadran, Lecail. Afr. iii. 50. {A. 109. f. 1, 2. Saulary, Raii, 197. 19. mas. Id. 197, 20,/e»i. Indian Pyc, or Dial Bird, Alb. iii. pi. 17, 181. Dial Grakle, Gen. Si/n. ii. 2G5. Id. Supp. 91. Edw. pi. 181. Hist. Sumatr. 98, 238. SIZE of the Missel Thrush ; length seven inches or more. Bill black ; irides yellow ; corners of the mouth the same ; plumage in general black; belly, sides, and under tail coverts white ; upper wing coverts next the body, and second quills white, forming a streak down the middle of the wing ; the tail rounded, the four middle feathers black, the others white ;« legs brown or dusky. The female is smaller, inclines to ash-colour, and differs in having the fore parts of the neck and breast dark brown, the black parts not so deep as in the male, and the white appears sullied. This inhabits both Africa and India ; common at Sumatra, and there called Moori. Is a restless bird, flying perpetually' from branch to branch, often in large flocks. The Achenese use it for the purpose of fighting, as the cock, and the two combatants fre- quently attack each other on the wing, and drop to the ground in the struggle. Has a pretty note, which commences with the dawn. * Brisson counted twelve feathers in the tail, but M. Levaillant allows of but ten • for, he says, the two middle feathers are black, the four others on eacn ..de white. In those I have seen the tail consisted of twelve. .4! i: V i I ill !. 166 GRAKLE. Is common near Calcutta, but never made use of there for combat. It is one of tliose birds, which are used when invoking the name of God, a custom which those of India liave borrowed from the Hindoos. M. Levaillant found it only in the Grand Namaqua, within the Cape of Good Mope. Dr. Buchanan adds, that it is commonly called at Calcutta, Doil, by the Bengalese ; in Persia, Dahool or Daliale, and there kept only for its song. It makes an artless nest of sticks and hair on the branches of trees ; the eggs pale greenish blue, with brown spots, most numerous at the large end. nM 1 j: 1 ji ; If 1 < ': : A. — Length seven inches. Bill stout, black, with a few short hairs at the base; head and neck black, descending before on the breast ; the rest of the under parts, back, wing coverts, upper tail coverts, and two middle tail feathers, fine light greyish blue ; quills and tail black ; the two outer feathers of the latter white at the ends; deepest on the exterior one ; wings reaching half way on the tail ; leffs black. Said to be a male. Found at Cawnpore in India, in June. Gen. Ilardwicke. One of these was scarcely seven inches long ; bill seven-eighths of an inch, made like that of the Thrush, with a slight notch at the tip; head, neck, and back black; chin, neck before, and breast dusky black, or deep ash-colour; wings wholly deep rusty brown, with a streak of white down the middle, more than half an inch broad ; belly and vent \^hite ; tail rounded, the four middle featliers black, the others wholly white ; legs pale brown. In the collection of Lord Stanley, and appears to be a you?ig bird. We think right to retain it here, on the authority of Linnaeus, but from the bill it certainly has every appearance of the Thrush. CJRAKLE. 167 22.-EGYPTIAN GRAKLE. Gracula Atthis, Jnd.Orn.'i. 192. Liii.i. 105. Cm. Liu. \. 398. Fh. Trans. Wi'i. p. 347, 10. Shaw's Zool. vii. 475. Coivus iEgyptius, Hasscltj. It. 140. 20. Id. Engl. 197. Sturnus Atthis, Daud.W, 321. Egyptian Grakle, Gen. Si/n. ii. 4GG. Id. Supp. ii. 128. SIZE of a Lark. Bill tlull black, base reddish ; eye bluish ; head flattish at the top ; upper part of the body deep green, spotted with blue green on the crown, nape, and shoulders ; sides of neck and back the same, but not spotted ; on each side of the neck a longitudinal broad line, which is ferruginous on the fore part, the rest whitish lucid blue ; throat whitish ; belly ferruginous ; prime quills deep green without, and dusky within ; tips the same ; tail nearly even, deep blue ; legs blood red ; claws blackish. Inhabits Egypt, supposed to live on insects, centipees, and scorpions, the remains of them being found in the stomach. In a representation of this, among the drawings of the late Mr, Bruce, the colour is green, but the ears, axil he, and under parts glossed with a purplish blue; tail blue green ; bill and legs black. This was found in Abyssinia, and known by the name of Warda.* Dr. Forster describes it as being the size of a jackdaw, with a green body, blue back, ferruginous belly, and red legs ; he adds, that he met with it about the river Yerooslan, beyond the Volga. As I cannot reconcile the great difference of size between Dr. F.'s bird and that of Hasselquist, this matter must be left for future consideration. The size of Mr. Brace's is not mentioned. We hare never met with the bird.t * Sonnini calls it Egyptian Raven. See Trav. (Engl. ed.J ii. 239. Note*, t M. Temmlnck gives it as one of the Synonyms of the common Kingfisher. See Man. d'Ornith. ed. ii. p. 422. fi i; r ^ ^ '"= \ ^■ ' \. ! IS ■14 h ''1 168 GRAKLE. 23.— ABYSSINIAN GRAKLE. Graculu Abyssiiiica, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxviii. Shaw'$ Zool, vii. 475. Abyssinian Grakle, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 128. SIZE uncertain. Bill black; irides straw-colour; plumage mostly green, ending in a point on the breast; head deep ash- colour; under parts of the body ferruginous orange ; legs black. Inhabits Abyssinia with the Egyptian species, to which it ieems nearly allied. From the drawings of Mr. Bruce. h- 24.— GREEN GRAKLE. Gracula viridis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxviii. Shaw's Zool. vii. 473. Loriot, Tern. Man. Anal. p. liv. Green Grakle, Gen. Spi. Sup. ii. 129. SCARCELY twelve inches in length. Bill a trifle bent, reddish brown, tongue half the length of it, and pointed ; general colour of the plumage dull green ; chin mottled, dusky and brown ; under parts from the breast whitish, streaked with dusky ; vent white ; wings and tail dusky ; the latter two inches and a half long, a trifle rounded at the end, all but the two middle feathers marked with an oval white spot within at the tip ; quills edged with white, and reach to the middle of the tail ; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland, and there said to be a rare bird. — In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. 25.— BLACK-HEADED GRAKLE. Gracula melanocepliala, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxviii. Shawns Zool. vii. 473. Black-headed Grakle, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 129. LENGTH nine inches. Bill yellow, a little bent, and stout at the base ; forehead white, the rest of the head black ; the throat, !! ii § GRAKLE. 1C9 wliole of the neck, and all beneath white, in some parts inclinin^^ to blue j back and wing coverts fine pale blue; across the latter a trace of white; quills dusky, edged witli pale rust-colour; tail three inches long, bluish ash-colour, some of the outer feathers inclining to pale grey near the ends ; legs longish, scaly, pale yellow; claws dusky and stout. Inhabits New South Wales. — General Davies. i: « } 2G.— PIED GRAKLE. Graciila picata, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxix. Pied Grakle, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. i;30. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill yellow, stout at the base, a trifle bending; forehead, chin, and throat white, with a trace of the same from the nape, on each side of the neck, to the bottom ; the rest of the head and neck black, coming forwards in a bar on the breast; back, second quills, outer edge of tlie wing, and prime quills black, tinged with blue, in some lights; the rest of the feathers on the wing white, appearing as two white bars, connected in the midille; beneath, from the breast, white ; tail white, even at the end, near which is a bar of black ; legs dull slate-colour. Inhabits New South Wales; called there Murregan. 27.~CINEREOUS GRAKLE. LENGTH nine inches. Bill stout, bent towards the tip, with a minute notch, colour dusky ; irides brown : plumage above pale brown ; crown of the head darkest, each feather marked with a dark line down the shaft ; under parts, from the chin, white, with a dusky VOL. III. z i 5 M V If ■:; ^ SI V il I if u ,(f '* ■ ■ I I ■ 170 GKAKLE. tinge on the breast, where also the feathers have a brown line down the shaft; wings as the back; the le.sser coverts dusky down the middle ; second coverts plain ; quills and tuil darker brown, the last even at the end, and the wings reach just beyond the rump; legs deep blue, stout; claws crooked, sharp. Inhabits Port Jackson, in New South Wales; has the note of a Thrush. 28.— BROWN GRAKLE. ^iM LENGTH sixteen or seventeen inches. Bill stout, one inch and a half long, the upper mandible lead-colour, a little bent, and rather overhangs the under ; nostrils near the base ; irides dark; head and neck pale brownish grey, darker under the chin ; back, wings, and tail rufous brown ; breast and belly dusky; lower belly, thighs, and vent pale, or brownish white ; legs yellow brown ; claws hooked. Inhabits New South A\'ales ; it seems to bear affinity with the Crow Genus, but having no reflected bristles on the bill, it may be more properly placed as a Grakle. ;r ^ M!l^ 'I > 29.— WHITE-VENTED GRAKLE. LENGTH nine inches. Bill, from point to gape, one inch and a quarter, nostrils oval, near the base of the bill, contiguous to the gape ; above are a few stiff hairs ; the base half of the under mandible yellow, and the gape surrounded with a membranous skin of the same; plumage in general brown, the feathers of the neck, wing coverts, and tail having a gloss of green ; the tail is rounded, «even inches long, glossed with green on the outer webs; quills pale GRAKLE. 17[ brown ; between tbe legs, vent, and under tail coverts yellowish white ; legs black. The young bird measures about seven inches. Plumage dusky black, with very little gloss, and the membranous yellow, bounding the gape, more conspicuous; vent and under tail coverts buft-colour. The above were both in the collection of Lord Stanley. Native place uncertain. 30.— SATIN GRAKLE. SIZE of the last. Bill pale; plumage wholly glossy black; legs pale. The female and young bird are brown, more or less mixetl and varied with greenish crescents, on a pale ground. Inhabits New-Holland. Specimens of these are in the Museum of the Linnaean Society, wliere it is called Satin-Bird. 31.— GLOSSY GRAKLE. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, black, stout somewhat bending at the end ; head and neck covered with short velvety feathers, having a fine blue and purple gloss; the rest of the bird green; beneath fine deep blue; breast and belly purple; winos partly green, varied down the middle with brown ; quill/ dusky black, edged outwardly with green, and reach half way on the tail which consists of twelve feathers, rounded, one inch and three quar- ters in length, dusky, with a tinge of rufous ; under side black • thighs stout, brown; the whole bird extremely glossy; legs stout' brown. ' ' Inhabits Senegal ; has much similarity to the Blue-Green Para- dise Bird. z 2 \ I .V ' 4 h * ' ' 1 '1 H i -1 \ I! II I \ 111 v. •»•■, f. f !■'■ ' i'i 1% ! ill 3 5< 'f :: ^^1! J 72 GKAKLR. 32— SHINING GllAKLE. LENCtTII seven inches ami an half. Bill black ; phimage wholly shining-, violet pnrple black, except the wings and tail, which are equally glossy, bnt with a line of green ; legs stout, feathered a triHe below the joint, and brown ; the tail is somewhat hollowed out at the end. Inhabits Africa? — Mr. Bullock. This is so very like the Glossy Species, as to agree, except in being so much smaller, but the bill was imperfect; what remained of it seemed to be somewhat like that of the Oriole. 33. —BOAT-TAILED GRAKLE.— Pl. xliv. Graciila Barita, Ind.Orn.x. 11)1. Lin.'i. 1(35. Gm. Lin. \. 390. Borowsk.'u. 119. Shaw's Zool. vii. 4C0. Sturnus Barita, Daud. ii. 320. Troupiale, Tern. Man. Ed.w. Anal, p, liv. Monedula tota nigra, jRaii 185. Sloan. Jam. 290. t. 257. 2. Boat-tailed Grakle, Gen. Si/n. ii. 4G0. pl. 18, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 154. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill sharp, black, one inch and a half in length, naked at the base, the upper mandible bent ; irides whitish ; plumage black, glos.sed with purple, the edges of the quills and tail tinged with the same ; the wings reach to the middle of the latter, which, when fully expanded, appears cuneiform, and is five inches and a half long, but when folded up is found to be singularly constructed ; for, instead of fonning a plain surface at top, it sink.«5 into a hollow, or deep gutter ; a good idea of which may be formed, by comparing it with a Hen's tail, the under side uppermost ; legs and claws black, the latter strong. iM.xm; i i f t I < 11 t,! if J' I ^'i *• wr^mm'ffmmmm ri I if 4 ! tl'^ GRAKLE. 173 Inhabits Jamaica, and otlier Islands in the West Indies ; has a note not unlike that of a Jackdaw ; feeds on maize, beetles, and other insects, fond also of Bananas;' often seen on the ground, at which time it carries the tail spread ; folding it up in that singular manner above mentioned, only when perching or flying : is common in North America, and joins the flocks of Purple Grakles and Red-winged Orioles ; breeds in the swamps, and migrates in September : seen in Georgia, but is there rare. This and the Icterus »\*iger are confounded by Linnaeus, but the latter (our Black Oriole) is a difl*erent Species, with a plain tail ; yet he must have seen specimens of our Boat-tailed one, since he has taken his trivial name from that circumstance.* ?! r 11 r 34.— GEORGIAN GRAKLE. LENGTH thirteen inches and half Bill one inch and a half, somewhat bare at the base, and black, very slightly curved, and ending in a sharp point, but without any notch ; nostrils open, with a rim or flap hanging over them above ; the feathers begin at the back part of the nostrils; irides whitish yellow ; plumage fine deep glossy black ; from the breast to vent dull black ; the head, before the eyes, and the chin appear short and velvety, but on the top some- what elongated ; on the head and neck appears a gloss of purple in some lights, and on the wings green ; quills dusky black ; the first shorter by half an inch than the second ; the third and fourth the longest; the tail is cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches and a half long, the outmost four only, the colour black, and in some lights appears undulated across, seventeen or eighteen times; the legs are two inches long, with five or six segments ; middle toe the same ; hind toe one inch a half, the claw large ; the wing, when closed, reaches two-fifths on the tail ; but the upper coverts of the latter advance still farther. * Barita, from ^af(?, a ship or barge. I I "i \, .-. f "1. n \l W '!' "vmpiOT 174 GRAKLE. The above was received from Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, by tlie name of Boat-tailed Grakle ; but although it corresponds in general appearance, the feathers of the tail lie flat as in olher birds, by no means folding like a Gutter, as in that bird ; nor is it the purple species, though greatly resembling it, as may be seen by comparing the two together. Said to frequent the fields about Savannah in large flocks*. In one sent to Mr. Francillon, I observe that the three outer quills are of equal lengths. The outer tail feather five inches; the two middle seven inches. Another twelve inches long, said to be a female, was not of so full a black above, and less glossy ; head and neck glossy greenish brown ; beneath brownish pale ash-colour; chin pale; lower belly, thighs, and vent, dark brown. \) 35.— PURPLE GRAKLE. Gracula Quiscula, Ind. Orn. i. 191. Lin. i. 1G5. Gm. Lin. i. 397. Bor. Nat. u. 119. Shaw's Zool. vii. 458. Amer Orn.'iW. pi. 21. f. 4. Sturnus Quisculu, Daud. ii. 310. Pica Jamaicensis, Bris. ii. 41. Id. 8vo. i. 1(50. Btif. iii. 97. Corvus Mexicanus, Bris. ii. 43. Id. 8vo. i. 107. Shaw's Zool. vii. 306. Comix purpurea, Klein Av. 00. Merops niger iridesubargentea, Brown Jam. 470. Fur Zeip, Kalm It. 33. Izanatl, 7?aji 108. Hoitzanatl, W. 162.' Hocisana, Bm/. iii. 103!' La Pie bloue, V^oij. d'Azara iii. No. 54, 56. Criard, Pcrnet. Voy. i. 185. Troupialf, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. p. liv. Black-bird, or Maize Thief, Kalm Trav. 1 pi. p. 291 , Mexican Crow, Gen. SyH. ii. 39(). Purple Grakle, G'cH. 5yM.ii. 402. Id. Sup. p. 90. ^rcf. Zoo/, ii. 153. SIZE of a Blackbird; length twelve inches; breadth seventeen inches and a half Bill black; irides white, or pearly grey ; plumage * In a drawing of this bird Mr. A. calls it tlie female of the Boat-tailed species, but 1 hciitate much in joining hiiu in opinion. '!' V i1 GRAKLE. 175 wholly black) richly glossed with purple, especially on the head and neck ; tail cuneiform ; legs black. The female is shorter by one inch than the male, and less glossy, otherwise not unlike. The young bird does not get the full plumage till the second year, before that time partaking more or less of brown, and as it proceeds in age is patched with black, or glossed with black or blue. This species inhabits various parts of America, Carolina, Mexico, and Jamaica ; for the most part feeds on maize, hence the name of Maize-Thief has been given to it. These birds will also eat various kinds of insects ; are destructive to the maize soon after it is sown, by scratching it up again, and no sooner is the leaf come out, than they dig it up with the bill ; when ripe they do still more damage, for then they come by thousands, and are so bold, that if disturbed in one part of a field, they only go to another ; after the maize harvest they are content to feed on other things, as the aquatic tare grass ; and if obliged, by hunger, buck-wheat, oats, and other grain ; they are said to destroy that pernicious insect the Bruchus Pisi. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania, three-pence per dozen were given for the dead birds, by which they were so nearly extirpated in 1750, as to be but few left ; but it was then observed, that the worms in the meadows so increased, the persecution of the birds abated, as it was found that they fed on these worms till the maize was ri[)e. At the first appearance in spring, all are more or less purple; though at the time of their uniting in such vast flocks, in summer, to visit the plantations of maize, a large proportion of brown birds are among them, having a small mixture of purple. They build the beginning of May, in societies of ten or fifteen together, in one tall tree, rarely in bushes, and chiefly about ponds. The nest composed of sticks, dried stalks, and hay, laying five bluish olive eggs, marked with large spots, and irregular streaks of black and dark brown, and have only one brood in a season, but the spots vary in colour, and some have a mixture of others of a paler tinge. Are said to pass 4 i I ». n , r 176 GRAKLE. ■:J the winter in swamps, and will now and then form one troop with the Red- Winged Orioles and Bhie Jays. The note is thought by some to be agreeable, but the flesh is black and unsavoury. They are called in some parts Crow jLlIackbirds, and will learn to articu- late, but not distinctly. In the Museum of the late Sir A. Lever was a beautiful Vanety. The bill pale, with a dusky tip; head white; back, shoulders, and breast white, mottled with black ; quills and tail black ; some of the outer feathers of the latter white just at the tips. Another, represented in a drawing, sent by Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, had the eight middle tail feathers quite white ; the two outer black. Much attachment has been observed between this bird and the Fishing Hawk ; the nest of the latter is composed of large sticks, and is three or four feet in diameter, among the interstices of which the Purple Grakles will construct theirs, whilst the Hawk is sitting above, and each hatch their young, in perfect harmony. I must here observe, that M. Daudin separates the Pica Jamai- censis, and JMei'ops niger iride subargentea, into difterent Species, and adds thereto the Corvus JVIexicanus, which we believe is no other than our Purple Grakle ; now all these are said to be as large, or larger than a Jackdaw, and, according to our conceptions, full eleven inches, or more, in length : yet, in his description of a Species thus divided, he gives the length but eight inches and a half — too great a difference to be the same bird. He adds as a synonym too, our Labrador Thrush; but this is in our opinion more probably a young Rice Oriole, as we have arranged it, from several specimens having passed under our eye. Nor is this species found greatly to the south- ward. We suspect that M. Daudin has been deceived by the Boat- Tailed Grakle, from having seen it at difterent periods of age, for he says, that in both his birds the tails are hollowed on the upper surface like a gutter ;* which is true in the Boat-Tailed Grakle, and * Queue a pennes etugees, et formant une gouttiere, par rabaissetneiit des intermediares. GRAKLE. 177 n no other. How far this may be the Criard of Pemetty, is not easy to be determined ; this is said to be light blue, but, indeed, the plumage appears in some lights to be both blue and purple i i 36.~CHILI GRAKLE. Tardus cursus, Ind. Orn. i. 348. Molin. Chit. 229. Id. Fr. ed. 2-32 bturnus curaeus, Baud. ii. 318, Le Troupiale noir et rarie, Foy. d'Azara in. No. 71. Chill Thrusli, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 178. Gm. Lin. i. 81 <» SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill somewhat angular, recurved at the tip, and black; eyes black; the whole plumage glossy black; tail cuneiform, five inches long; legs black. » *= -^ ' " Inhabits Chili, and is there common; said to sing remarkably well; ,s a restless species, chattering, and imitating the notes of others; will catch small birds, and pick out their brains ; found often among flocks of Starlings, and lives both on grain and insects; its flesh IS unsavoury, and black, as are also the bones ; it makes the •lest of tw.gs, and rushes, mixed with mud, and lays three bluish white eggs; frequently kept in cages. Is observed in Paraguay as tar as 27 degrees. ^ ^ From the above description, we are inclined to believe, that this AS no other than the Purple Species. 7.-.NOBLE GRAKLE. Oriolus nobiiis, Edle Atzel, Merrem Beytr. i. p. 8. t. 2. som!^!^?!™/!*'' '"'*'''• ^'''^''^^ '"^""•' "^ '^'^ P»"»"«^^ black, v2w bt' ? r " *'' ''°"''^"' "^^ '''' ""^- *-' -vert.: yellow ; base of the outer tail feathers yellow. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands. VOL. III. A A ■I': I ■ ( i: !i! if i' % i \\ 1 * 1 ■ :* ■ i**. . 1 ? ■ ■ ? :S ' 1 ;!■ ■ • 11 ■1 ■, ■ ■'! 1 ;3 m WtS M K'i 178 GRAKLE. 38— CLIMBING GRAKLE. Gracula scandens, Ind. Orn. i. 193. Shaw\s Zool. vii. 476. - Cayanensis, Gm. Lin, i. 399. Le grand Pic-grinipeieau, Voy.d^Azaraw. No. 241. Picucule de Cayenne, Buf.xW. 82. PL enHi2\. Ois.dor.'u. 113. pi. 76. Tent. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. ]). Ixxxi. Climbing Grakle, Gen. Si/n. i. 467. LENGTH ten inches. Bill stout, black, slightly bent the whole length, and curved at the point, length one inch and three quarters; nostrils small, close to the base; head f.wd throat mottled rufous and white ; the upper parts of the body rufous, the under rufous yellow, every where marked with narrow, ti'ansverse, dusky streaks; wings and tail rufous, the latter four inches long, cuneiform, the outer feather a quarter of an inch shorter than the middle ones ; all of them have the shafts projecting in a point beyond the ends of the feathers ; legs one inch and a quarter, dusky black. Inhabits the interior of Guiana, and climbs the trees like the Woodpecker, with which it is blended by the inhabitants, but, in fact, it does not belong to that Genus, nor to the Creepers, between which two it seems to have been placed, but wlu tlier we may have acted more properly in respect to the present arrangement, must remain for future investigation. One, in the collection of Lortl Seaforth, was full thirteen inches in length, with the head and neck plain broun; wings and tail dull rufous. 3.O.— PICOID GRAKLE. i'l :^ i I m Oriolus Picus, Ind. Orn.'x. 18H. Gm. Lin, i. 384. Oriolus Pieoides, Shatv'.s Zool. vii. 476. Le Talapiot, Bnf. vii. 82. Pl.enl. 605. Climbing Oriole, Gen. Si/n. ii. 453. LENGTH nine inches and a half Bill one inch and a half, dusky horn-colour, under mandible paler, tip of the upper slightly GRAKLE. 17P hooked ; nostrils close to the base ; crown, nape, and neck behind brown ; the middle of the feathers clay-colonr; in some birds white givmg the appearance of spots, but at the nape appearinff as streaks'- throat and breast mnch the same, but the clay spots are larger, and longer; chm plain buff clay-colour, or whitish; from the breast to the vent dusky brownish yellow ; the rest of the plumage deep nifous • the tad consists of twelve feathers, cuneiform in shape, the two middle ones three niches and three-f,uarters long, the outmost two inches and three-quarters, the shafts pale, and remarkably stiff, as in the ^rood- pecker, especially the middle ones, the shafts continuiuiv beyond the ends m a sharp point; all but the two middle have a disposition to turn outwards, and probably support the bird in climbing, or on a tree as m the Woodpecker ; the outer quill is one inch shorter than the thud, winch is longest of all, and the wings reach three-fourths on the tad ; legs ratlier weak, claws stout, hooked, dusky lead-colour • toes united to the first joint. ' The above described fiom a specimen in the possession of Mr jAfc Leay, received from Berbice ; is also found as tar South as Para<.'u'iv^ it IS larger than that figured in the PI. enhnn. which is only "Jeven niches long. Said to be frequent in Guiana, in the inland parts having the manners of a Creeper or Woodpecker ; but the straitness ot the bdl prevents it being ranked with the former, and the toes being placed three before and one behind, forbid it to have place in the latter Genus, independent of the tongue not being elongated • ob- served to feed chiefly on insects, which lurk beneath the bark of trees which It displaces for that purpose with its bill. Both this and the Chmbmg Grakle are called Woodpeckers at Guiana; and both are included by M. Temminck in his Genus Picucule. A A 2 ir, ) 'I i^ f: .% ' ' , ■ 1 . ■' ■ !', ' ,:: , 'I i|! ^'':\ ■ ft 180 PARADISE BIRD. GENUS XIX —PARADISE BIRD. 1 Greater Paradise Bird 9 Furcated 16 Frosted 2 Smaller 10 Hackled 17 Crisped 3 Doubtful 11 Emerald-breasted 18 Twelve-wired 4 Ked 12 Gold-breasted A Wayghihu 5 King 13 Blue-green 19 White" 0 M.ii;iiificent A Var. 20 Golden 7 Crested 14 Gorget A Var. 8 Su|)tjib 15 White-winged I 3l M. HE bill in this Genus is slightly bent, the base covered with velvet-like feathers. Nostrils small, concealed in the feathers. Tail often or m re feathers; in some the two middle ones, in others more, very long, and webbed only at the base, and tips. Legs and feet large and strong ; toes placed three before and one behind. The whole of this Genus have, till lately, been very imperfectly known, few cabinets possessing more than the greater, or common one, with, perhaps, the King Species ; nor has any set of birds given rise to more fables, to be found in most of the early authors : such as their never touching the ground ; living wholly on dew ; being produced without legs ; and many such like stories, too ridiculous to mention ; and the last error is not at this time wholly disbelieved. The circumstance which seems to have occasioned it, did not at first, perhaps, proceed from an intention to deceive, but was merely accidental. In those parts of the world which produce these birds, the natives made u> til m !!>< Aigrettes, and other ornaments of dre^^s, and in course threw away the less brilliant j arts. The only trouble taken was merely to skin them, and afler pulling off the legs, and coarser parts of the wings, &c. to thrust a stick down the throat into the body, I * fl J PARADISE BIRD. 181 suffering an inch or two to hang out of the mouth, beyond the l)ill, and when dry, the skin collapsed about the stick, which became fixed, and supported the whole ; and the end of it being put into a socket fitted to receive it, was fastened in some manner to a turban, or else- where. By degrees these were imported into other isles for the same uses, and afterwards coveted by the Japanese, Chinese, and Persians, in whose nations they are frequently seen, as well as in many parts of India. The Grandees of the last parts not only ornamenting them- selves, but adoniing their horses with these beautiful plumes. The whole of this race is supposed to inhabit New Guinea, migrating into the neighbouring isles for a time, but returning to the former in the breeding season, and never at all found but within a few degrees of the Equator. The Dutch get them chiefly from Banda, and it is there that the story of their be'ng without legs is propagated, in order to enhance their value. The natives of Aroo bring them to that place by way of traffic, prepared as above, and put into the hollow of a Bamboo for further preservation. We here enumerate twenty Species and Varieties, and lament that the descriptions of some are necessarily imperfect, fi-om the little knowledge to be obtained concerning them ; but have remarked all that is generally known, with a hope that some future Naturalist will be found, who having undertaken a journey into New Guinea, may be capable of discriminating the subjects he shall find there, and by this means supply our present desiderata. I:* - f . ( I: I i'; ,11 •1 t,b I 182 IVVHADISK ItlRI). i.-(jm:vtek PVRvnrsK nm\y I'armlisiua|io(ln, /»/S. IMiiminuliatii. I*aia. :>7. ^>. (i. |.. :)N. 7. s. p. A7(/« /r (W. I. ;».'). (1. .sv/<,/ .i/»,v. I, i»n. i.(i;i. r. 1. •_». r;.r/H. t.. I )ti- uiiisM' I'aiadii ^Noofl, Sr/niiiil / oi;'. p. ")l. I. II. Ois.au.li' I'ara.IlN /{///: in. l.')l. (. I'J. I'l. en/ '2i*\. liobcrl h. pi. 10. I,' I'lniciaiiili', Ois. ill I'liniilis p. 5(. pi. I. IJinisor Pani.lisc, ;////. Oni. p. !tl. I. il'2. 'l. .">.(!. 7. !»:J. S. «). pi. M. (ileal I'aiiulix' r»inl, (.'ni. Si/ii. u. ITI. /•,'(/«•. t . 1 U). .tlh.'xw. pi. '». I\trrisl I. i.'i. •j(». I. .')!). 0. Indir. I III/. 'I'll IS l)inl iipjx'jns, Iroiii (lie pliiiiKiu-c, to hv as hii;- as » Pinroii, Imt tlu' Ii(m1> s( arcj'U rM-ccds (liai oi' ji 'riiiiisli. I>iil one incli aiui a hair lonu. stout, l)i'o>vn, aiul a iittit; curved at tlit' tip, tVoiii tliciicc to the (lul ot' tlu> tail twelve inelies and a iialt'; (lie head rounded, ot' a tiiil proportion to the si/e of the hird, and, as >\ell as the throat and neck, cov«'red >vith very short, dense, stitl" leathers; those oC the head, and hind part ot* the nccU, ot" a pale uold-colour, but the hase • ►1' the bill is surrounded >vitli black velvet-like ones, chan,t>-in<;- in ihtR'rent liiihts to i>Teen ; the tore part of the neck is ureen ^old, lower part of it liehind, back, wiiii»s, and tail chestnut ; breast dee[)er chestnut, inclining' to purple; beneath the wings spring a great quantity of leathers, the webs of which are .so loose as to appear liki; herring-bone,* some of them nearly eighteen inches in length : the.se are of dilferent colours, some chestnut and purplish, others yellowish, and a few almost white; from the rump arise two feathers without webs, except for four inches next the ba.se, and the same at the tips; these appear to be the two middle tail feathers, and are two feet Appearing not unlike tufts of the Downy Feather-Grass— Stipa pennata, Lin. I'AHADIMK IIIHI). \Hii nine indies in length, hut the |-(;st are litth; more tlinn six inelies, and ure even at the end; legs slont^ and brown. The leniale is like the male, lint the two wire-like feathers of the tail have* shorter w<;l)s; these hirds are said to moult, and to he without thes(.' long ti.athers lor lour months in the year. Iidiahits tli(! iVIoluei^a Islands, and those surrounding New (iuinea, partieularly in tin; Isle of Aro(»; the people of Andioynu i.'all them Manu-k<-y-aroo; the natives of 'Jeriiate, Iturong papua, or Papua Itird ; also IVIauuco-dewata, and Sotlii, or Siotlii ; at Aroo they are eal led l^'anaan : supposed to hrectl in New (luinea, eoming from thenee iuto Aroo, at the westerly, or dry Monsoon, and found thert' during the eoutinuauee of it, returning to Nular leathers heeonie- dishevelled, which (|uit(.' hinders their llight, and they are lost in the water, or fall on the grouiul, in which latter case they are unahle to rise again, M'ithout gaining an eminence ; in this state they are watched hy the natives, who secur<.* many, and kill them on the sjiot, as it is said they cannot he kept alive hy art,* and the tratlic in these hirds is one part of their trade; they are also taken with hirdlime, t when they settle in trees, or shot with hlunt arrows. They are sold at Manila, and its vichiity, lor half a rix dollar, hut the people of Aroo are content with a spike nail for each. The food of these hirds is not known for certain, since the accounts given hy Authors t' late Mr. Pennant furnished us witli an instance to the contrary, fronri Sir Joneph Banks ; one of tlicni having been Ijrought uhve to England.— /n(i. Zool, 4to. Mi. note x. t Said to be prepared from tlie juice of Sukkom, or UreaJ-fruit (Artocarpus). 184 PARADISR BIRD. ^ ; berries of the Waringa tree,* others tlmt they are fond of nutmegs, f others say their food is large butter Hies,:]: and again, that they chace small birds ;§ and tiie last circumstance does not appear improbable, as their bills and legs are sufKciently stout, and they are known to defend themselves courageously whenever they are taken alive. The Paradise Birds were formerly brought into Europe without legs, and not a few persons were persuaded that they never had any; but the truth is, that the legs being useless for the purposes designed, they are torn oft' on the spot, and thrown aside. It is for ornament only tlmt they are coveted, by such of the inhabitants of the east as are able to purchase them, as the chiefs of the country wear them constantly in their turbans, and the grandees of Persia, Surat, and other parts of the East Indies, use them as Aigrettes, and even adorn their horses with them. 2— SMALLER PARADISE BIRD. Piiradisea minor Papuana, Zool. Ind. p. 33. 2. Shaw's Zool. vii. 480, Petit eineraude, Ois. de Paradis p. 1*2. pi. 2. Siimller Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. ii. 474. A. Forr. Voy. 137. Ind. Zool.Ato. p.20. II. THIS is smaller, as the length, the scapular feathers included, is no more than twenty-one inches. Bill lead-colour, with a yellowish point, and two inches and a half long ; the eye surrounded with black; forehead and chin covered with velvety black feathers, glossed with green ; throat and neck before wholly green ; top of the head, nape, and half the neck behind, ferruginous yellow, the lower half quite yellow; the back is also yellow, with a tinge of dirty grey; breast, belly, and wings chestnut ; fi'om the upper part of the tail :j: Linnaus. * Ficus benjamina,'see Forrest, p. \SG. f Tui'ertfier,'u. 3l\. § Bontius, " uiiguibus incurvis et peracutis parvas aviciilas Chlorides, Fringillas, et bimiles venentur, easque mox, sicut reliquse aves devcreiit." Lib. v. cap. 12. PARADISE niRD. 186 spring two wire-like shafts, us in tiie ibnner bird, as well as a tuft of long, loose-webbed feathers from beneath each wing ; these are of a delicate white, or light yellow, the last chiefly on the sides, where many of the shorter ones have purple tips ; but in some specimens the base half is tine yellow, and the rest of the length satiny white, without the purple tips. This bird is only to be found in the Papuan Islands, where it is called Shag or Sluigue, by the people of Ternate, Tollu, or lioorong-papuwa. It is said, that the I\ipuans intoxicate them With CocchIus indiciis/-* so as to catch them with the hand; they then draw out the bowels, sear the inside with a red hot iron, and afterwards put each into the hollow of a bamboo, for ])reservation. I have, however, reason to suppose, that they do more than simply exenterate them, as I have ever found, that the skins alone were preserved, and in general, most, if not the whole, of the skull was taken away, whence the head a|)pears unnaturally small. t We are informed, that they build in tall trees, and do not migrate like the tirst described ; yet are said, like them, to fly in flocks, preceded by a king, who is black, with a purplish cast, and more tinely coloured than the rest, and that the male has a longer bill and neck than the fenmle. It is probable, that this and the former are mere Varieties, if not in dirterent stages of growth. ) I I'll I.') 3.— DOUBTFUL PARADISE BIRD. AMONG the excellent drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, is one of the fragments of a Paradise Bird, which I can scarcely reconcile to * Menisperniuin Cocculus, Lin. t I have met with one having the skull complete, which was round, and nearly the size ef that of the Magpie. VOL. III. B B Ml n t ^ 166 PARADISE BIRD. % any known Species, though perhaps it may come nearest to the lesser sort ; the length to the end of the tail thirteen inches. Bill one inch long, at the base half an inch broad, colour brown ; forehead not covered with black velvety feathers ; the whole plumage on the upper parts (which alone appear in the drawing) of a fine glowing orange yellow; some of the greater quills remain attached, and are fine light brown ; second quills the same, fringed at the tips with yellow; in others nearly the whole of the inner webs are of the last colour, except at the tips ; tail three inches and a half long, even at the end, colour light brown ; the quills reach to the base of the tail ; the rest of the bird is wanting. It differs from the Smaller Paradise Bird, as the bill is one-third shorter, and considerably broader at the base; the quills tipped with yellow; also, the plumage on the upper parts is fine orange yellow; ])erhaps the chin and throat may be velvety, as some edges of dark coloured feathers appear on each side of the jaw, in the drawing, for about an incli and a half from the bill. In the same drawing is a single feather, four inches long, probably one of the side feathers of the tail ; the inner web, from the base, half way, yellow ; this colour then diverges from the shaft to the end, so that the inner web appears brown and yellow, obliquely tlivided ; the outer wholly brown, except just at the base, where the feather is entirely yellow. 4.— RED PARADISE BIRD. Paradis rouge, Ois. de Paradis p. 14. pi. 3. Puiucliseu sanguinea, Shaw's Zool. vii. 487. t. 59. LENGTH nine inches, but to the end of the axillary feathers twelve or thirteen. Bill horn-colour; forehead and chin velvety black ; the feathers on the forehead longer than the rest, forming a %#< PARADISE BIRD. 187 crest, divided into two parts, and these, as well as those of the neck above, and tliroat, are of the same texture ; neck behind back rump, sides, and great part of the breast yellow ; lower part' of the belly, wings, and tail brown, deeper on the breast; siibaxillary feathers situated as in the others, and of a fine red, but instead of the two elongated, slender shafts, usually seen in other Species, this bird has two appendages of the same kind, twenty-two inches long as thick as a goose quill, convex on one side, and concave on the other- at the base of these are some veiy short barbs; the resi of the length l)ertectly naked, and ending in a point. The specimen, from which the above account is taken, had neither Hings nor legs, nor was it said from whence it came. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, is one of these the total length two feet. Head, chin, and throat velvety, and' fine emerald green, changing to blue; feathers of the crown rather Ion- and may be erected over the forehead ; hind part of the neck a.ul beginning of the back tawny yellow; the rest rufous brown'- the rpulls wanting, but the tufts springing from beneath them are fine sanguineous red and ending in herring-bone points ; the two elongated quiU-bke appendages little more than fifteen inches but the same m size and form as in the other ; colour of them black ' This IS said to have been brought from some of the Eastern Islands, the place not certain, thought to be Amboyna. A dried specimen, much mutilated, was given to Lord Wellesley, bv Mr larquhar, Governor of Prince of Wales's Island, and was th^ only one then known. Where M. Levaillant obtained the specimen from w^iich his figure, apparently perfect, was taken, we are not informed. We have lately seen, in Mr. Bullocks Museum, a fine specimen B B 2 ! '( \ 'Iff V !I i m 188 PARADISE BIRD. m 5.— KING PARADISE BIRD. Paradisea regia, /nrf. Orn. i. 194. Lin.'i. IGG. Gm. Lin.i. 400. Mus. Ad. Fr,'\, p. 15. Borowsk. Nat. ii. 120- 1. 13. Shaw's Zool. vii. 497. pi. 07. Spalowsck. Vog. ii, t. 19 and 20. Manucodiata minor, Bris. ii. 136. t. 13. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 195. Rex Avium Paradisearum, liaii \i.22. 10. Will. p.61. Klein, p. 64, 7. Seba.i. 63. t. 38. 5. Petiv. Gaz. t. 53. 2. Gerin. i. t. 66. Zool. Ltd. p. 36. Robert Ic. pi. 19. Johnst. Av. pi. 55. f. 6. Le Manucode, Bi{f. iii. I(i3. P/. cw/. 490. Ois. de Paradis p. 10. pi. v. Roi des Oiseaux de Paradis, Son. Voy. 156. t. 95. Der KiJnigs Paradics vogel, Schmid Vog. p. 54. t. 42. King ol the Greater Birds of Paradise, Will. Engl. 96. pi. 77. Edw. pi. III. Forr. Voy. 141. Bor.n. t. 75. King Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn. ii. 475. Ind. Zool. 4to. p. 24. Will. Engl. 92. §. vi. Ii u i :ti SIZE of a Lark ; length seven inches. Bill one inch long, yellowish, and very little bent; the upper mandible covered half way with orange-coloured feathers; the eyes surrounded with black ones; at the internal angle of the eye a spot of black ; irides yellow ; head, neck, back, tail, and wings purplish chestnut; the crown brighter, with a yellowish tinge, and the breast approaching to blood red ; all have a rich satin-like gloss; most part of the head is covered with soft short feathers, like velvet, but the other parts are like common feathers ; on the breast is a broad bar of green, having a polished lustre;* belly white; from each side, beneath the wings, spring- several greyish-white feathers, tipped with lucid green ; the tail is little more than an inch long, and the wings, when closed, reach beyond it ; from the base of the middle tail feathers arise two other long ones, which are webbed at their origin ; the rest of the length for about six inches, quite naked to the ends, where they are again webbed on one side, and coil in a spiral manner; the webs of a green colour, and very glossy ; the legs are stout, and of a dusky colour. * In some specimens there is a narrow bar of yellow above the green one, and the bellj IB green and white mixed. f»(lll li XLV. ' I i; '. ' n .'t ' I .■;jr: 'wr- » >*' w.-n' ili W-i*. ,*J3»i': '■■"< vi;*(^ir ktHi>. ^M-i jv.'t.^dp^^Uy , v,i^v- ;< .-* *',»lJo<| n.» i: ^^^|*«i.n Tsiaivi . 'V ;,.',.,., r..,,^ bf.--., if , :„»./K sn.«. .Vrin) St.,. Tilt* 0'.«l<'>< ■ ,; :; v '{.«,i • MfC- .y-'i-, ?-..,,.;. , ^ , ,. .1 •*-s./'i ;f >. ■<■( ■' •?• '-^aad« btH>r^ named. I; .: <.n uxl ')<.)( )*-s„ u ■iSioiU ;i>'j(!f; i ■^'*: -J- . i ■ i'.H;W'U '■' ?AV..- •;(--( /7. t7»'' ■• ji ■' if", ; .'.J ; j y; (;-..•! n ' ' ■t'i ; fjj -'•i v" i 'i- 't :ui !!<■ ^..-'I" 'HK !>■ \ ': .,1 .-Vt^' inlt If,- \v 04--- *« *s-( f'iXt eii ;U*I. 't! MV 'CTi !»;.;:»■! ';j) !:i»< T n.t- '' Uj! •j'<^'»V -"Vrr tj.f { >.(;■ li: •I' t:i^bs In »' i'V'ad* ^^s !.:r :t'U ■a ht '( 'jtii; -[<\, ■\i i li ii!.*IS l>;fl III m hi n n'> ■ \i<:mi mjif' '^ :o>7m- "^^r-^lTfj m- r- 4i ' ^ 4* C ■^f' ;*,; T ^- • >u. !i ;\i.v. , '>^.. .T»»- /■ I.V ('■ '■111'- i \ ■ .>.«•' --"^s" <«■ PARADISE BIRD. 189 Inhabits New Guinea, where it is supposed to breed, but is principally found at Aroo, where it is called Wowi Wowi ; in the Papuan Islands, Sopclo-o, being brought chiefly from Aroo Sop- clo-o ; and especially from Wadjir, a well known village there. The Dutch call it King Bird, and get it from Banda, to which place it is brought by the natives of the Islands before named. It is said not to associate with the other Birds of Paradise, but flits solitary from bush to bush, feeding on red berries, without getting on tall trees. This Species is more rarely found in Cabinets than the two first described. •! I 6.— MAGNIFICENT PARADISE BIRD.— Pl. xlv. Parailisea maf^nifica, Ind. Orn.\. 195. Gm. Lin. \. 401. Shawns Zoul.vW. 492. t. 02. Le Magnifique de hi iiouvelle Guiiiee, Son. Voy. 1G3. t. 98. PL enl. 031 . Ois. de Parad. |). 15. j)l. iv. Manucode a Bouquets, Buf, vii. p. 100. Zool. Ind. 38. 3. Magnificent Parailise Bird, Gen. Sijn. ii. 477. pi. xix. Ind, Zool. 4to. p. 20, III. Nat. Misc. pi. 025. i! l! ' I" J-i: I SIZE of a Blackbird ; length nine inches. Bill one inch long, bending a trifle downwards; it is pale in colour, with the tip and base dusky black ; the general texture of the feathers about the head short, like cut velvet, those round the foreht^ad and chin are thick set, stand out a trifle beyond the rest, and black ; between the gape and eye a lucid green spot ; the crown and nape are yellowish chestnut, deepest on the crown ; from the back of the neck a tuft of yellow feathers, each of them a trifle broader at the end, and there marked with a black spot ; beneath this a second longer tuft, or packet of feathers, of a straw, or brimstone-colour, lying loosely over the back, which is red-brown ; from the chin to the thighs the feathers are greenish black, appearing in some lights green ; and in a quiescent I ;! it: ■{ \ 190 PARADISE BIRD. I I lit.- state of the bird, fall over, and conceal part of the wing coverts ; but down the middle of the throat, neck, and bi east appearing gilded blue green, and the feathers short and downy ; the two middle quills are yellow brown, but the prime ones and the tail are deep brown, and the ends of the quills are nearly as long as the tail ; from the place of insertion of the two middle feathers of the last, spring two long, wire-like, shafts, furnished with very short, green webs on one side, and end in a point ; legs dusky yellow. Said to inhabit New Guinea, but is a rare species. The above described from a specimen, formerly in the possession of Miss Blome- field : another was in that of Sir Joseph Banks : we have also seen it in two or three other places, and not greatly differing from the above description. u: i 'ii 1, 7.— CRESTED PARADISE BIRD. Paradisea cirrhata, /»(/. Onj. i. 195. Aldr. Av.'i. 8U. t. p.S\4. Rail \i. 21. Will. p. 57. Klein, p. 63. Bris. ii. 135. Id. 8vo. i, 195. Oiseau de Paradis huppe, Ois. de Paradis p. 28. Crested Bird of Paradise, Will. Engl. p. 92. I'orr. Voij. 140. 0 ? Ind. Zuol. 4to. p. 71. Shaiv's Zool. vii. 491. THIS is the fourth Bird of Paradise described by Aldrovandus, who makes it eighteen inches long. The bill very long in proportion, black, and somewhat hooked ; the feathers of the head, neck, and wings black, yet at the joining of the bill yellow ; a crest or cope near the neck, almost three inches high, rigid, and of a yellow colour, and which seemed to consist of bristles rather than feathers, and in that chiefly differing from the Greater, or first Species. PARADISE BIRD. 191 S.^SUPERB PARADISE BIRD, Paradisea superbn, Ind. Orn. i. 196. Gm. Lin. i. 402. Shaw's Zool. vii 494. t C3 64. 65. Nat. Misc. pi. 1021. Le Miiuucode dit le superbe, .Vow. Toy. 157. t. 96. Bit/, iii. 109. /'/. enl. 632. ZooL Indic. p. 38, Seba. i. t. 08. Ois. de Paradis p. 20. pi. 7. Superb Paradise Bird, Gen. Si/n. ii. 479. Ind. Zool. 4to. p. 26. iv.* THIS is somewhat larger than the King Paradise Bird. Bill black ; at the base of the upper mandible a black crest, composed of fine, strait, and not very long- feathers ; head, neck behind, and back covered with green-gold ones; these are bioad, and well furnished with webs, having to the eye and touch every ajipearance of velvet, and lie so over one another, as to appear like the scales of a fish; wings dull deep black; tail black, with a blue gloss, of a moderate length, and even at the end ; throat changeable violet,' with a velvet-like appearance; belly bright gilded green; on each side, from under the wings, a tuft of black velvety feathers, of unequal lengths, which rise some height above the back, giving- the appear- ance of second wings, the ends turning downwards towards the tail, and many of them as long as the wing itself; the legs are brown. Inhabits New Guinea. Mr. Pennant supposes this may be the Paradisea nigra major of Valentin No. 3. but th.s has long setaceous feathers in the tail. That figured in the PI. enUun. is without the.n- and . the outdated figure referred to in Seba be the same bird, they are not there reprel .ented ; added to wh.ch. the tail is spread in such u manner as to appear forked. In Sonnerat's figure a small b.rd ,s seen m the claws, from which we may infer, that it is a rapacious w ' 1 ■f I J ■ 'i "I . •< I, ll i I i i'i . i& 192 PARADISE BIRD. 9— FURCATED PARADISE BIRD. Puradisca furcata, Ind. Orn. i. 190. Super!) Paradise Bird, Gen. Si/n.V\. 480. sect. 2. IN the Museum of tlie late Sir Asliton Lever was an imperfect bird, from which only the few following particulars could be collected : it was the size of the last mentioned. Bill black ; general colour of the plumage the same; from the place of the wings arise two tufts, somewhat as in the last described, but the wings were wanting; on the upper part of the belly a set of most brilliant black-green, glossy feathers, in shape forked, not unlike the tail of IhevSwallow, longer than those surrounding them, and standing out a little from the rest ; legs strong, and black. From this slight sketch, it can scarcely be determined, whether it may be a Variety, or sexual different of the last ; the Furcated, however, differs in having the whole of the head and neck black. In the PL enlnm. it may be observed, that the brilliant gold-green feathers, which there appear to lie flat, with one point towards each thigh, if elevated in preparing the skin for preservation, would appear like that figured by Levaillant; but how far these are erected in the living state, and what purpose they may answer, is not easily determined. The two tufts abovementioned in the last-named author's figure of the bird, appear as two immense wings, of double the size of the true wings, and elevated to a considerable extent above the head, spreading out on each side; but whether the bird has the faculty of doing this, or for what purpose, is not for us to determine. This and the Superb are probably only one Species ; but it does not appear, from what we are able to collect, that the feathers of the belly in the former, although of a most splendid bright green, are divisible into the elevated wing-like appearance abovementioned. ' .1 I I'l.XI.VJ. <^My/-^>...4,,^/,y ' m ■« :* f mi f/' Hi ■ ^ *' •.» :vLK/» ,'' i H t.v»*;». ,;^|j| f e ->' !ifii ' ! -T :» y f -.(■.■. ■\ •\i' u<- ,^ •<.\ '■■•. n 'U' fs U 'yU',UM : .( i-n!!ia!U I' *!>L. ir' til ?l ,• « >>? i^/'^n^ 'V )? fiM.'ii t}, jrt^"^. ^.i,'*;^,^,^^., V-.jSs^V^ 'iriSiaL^ .•SS..h';,»i,:; .5 ... ./.■-.Jsa- ■i. 4d' -.■ I: V Sfc. Pi PARADISE BIRD. 193 10.— HACKLED PARADISE BIRD— Pl. xlvi. LENGTH ten inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, a trifle bent, and dusky, the base surrounded with velvet-like black feathers, covering the nostrils ; top of the head, even with the eye, and to the beginning of the back, deep green, varying to bright green in some lights ; the feathers of a plush-like texture ; those on the hind part of the neck are long, pointed, and like hackles, but on the chin and throat they are similar to those on the crown, and both appear, in some lights, to be scaly, either indigo or green, and glossy, like metal ; on each side of the neck is a stripe of blue, dividing the green above and below, and coming forwards to the breast, where it occupies a broad space; on the middle of the crown arise four bristles, near two inches long, tending backwards ; upper [)art of the back, and wings, greenish black, in some lights appearing quite black; from the breast to the vent deep, dull ash-colour; tail even at the end, and three inches in length, the two middle feathers dull green, pointed at the tips; the others dusky within, and green on the outer webs, and all of them curve a little outwards; legs scaly ; ^hiws black, and hooked, though not very stout. Native place micertain ; in the collection of General Davies. 1} it i ! 11— EMERALD-BREASTED PARADISE lUUD. J LENGTH seven inches, from tlie tip of the bill to the end of the tail. Bill one inch and a half long; rather stout: plumage in general, on the upper parts, purplish black ; throat and breast blue green, with a polished metallic splendour, as in the emerald, but not varying in diflerent positions of light ; at the bottom of this brilliant part is a bar of black, from tiience to the vent deep brown VOL. III. C C 194 PARADISE BIRD. chestnut ; from beneath the wings, on eacli side, arises a tuft of long, loose, axillary feathers, reaching an inch and a half beyond the tail, which is glossy blue-green above, and black beneath. A specimen of thic was in the collection of Mv. Leadbeater ; the wings and legs were wanting. It is the only one which has come under our observation. 12._GOLD-BREASTED PARADISE BIRD. n if Paindisea sexsetiicea, Ind. Orn. i. 196. Shawns Zool. vil. 496. pi. 66. — — ^^ aurea, Gvi. Lin. i. 402. Manucodc a six tilets, Biif. iii. 171. PI. enl. 633. Zooi. Indie, p. 38. 5. Lc Sifilet, Ois. de Paradis p. 18. pi. 6. Oiseaii Paradis \ gorcfc dorce. Son, Voij. 158. t. 97. Gold-breasted Paradise Bird, Gen. Syn.n. 481. 7 /u/. Zoo/. 4to. p. 20. V. SIZE of the Turtle. Rill blackish; irides yellow ; on the forehc.a, at the root of the bill, a crest, which the bird carries nearly erect : this, when flat, extends somewhat beyond the eyes, and is composed of fine, stiff feathers, not well furnished with wel)s ; at first it is oJack, but some of the feathers are half blacK, half whif : top of the head, cheeks, and throat chant, ^able violet black; fore part of the neck and breast gilded, changeable, green, very brilliant; on the neck behind a large green-gold spot; back deep black, with a violet gloss: wings and tail black; beneath each wing arise long black feathers, which cover over the wings while at rest ; the webs of these a>'e loose, like those of the Ostrich ; on each side of the head, near tne ears, three long feathers, without webs, except at the end, where they are spread out into an oval, which part is webbed ; they are so long, that when ranged on each side of the body, they reach to one-fourth of the tail, which is somewhat cinieiform ; the 1 ^., are blackish. PARADISE niRl). iy-5 Inimb,t, New G»U,e^. I„ „„e ,,,eri,„e„, „,« ,o ,,,b|e,„ ,,,, feathers were wanting, but tl.e nulin.ent. of ti.em ccTld be traced- a in ,f "^^T"'"^*-'"-'^ '" » "i"' P^'WisLal by M. Marvi, addin,, .hat the latter ones n,ay be sexual differences of M. Sonnerak bird i 13.-BLUE-GREEN PARADISE BIRD. ^'^'•"^'"^ '^'.'"•J'^''"' ^«'^- «'•«• ■• 107. Sfuuo^s Zool. y-u. 504 t 71 viridis, G/«. JLj/i. i. 402. " ' ' Cassican, Tern. Man. Ed. ,i. Ana/, p. li. Calybe de la nouvelle Guinee, Buf. iii.'j73. Pi enl ttU y , r .■ t/e P«r«r/« p. 24. pi. 10. ^ '• ^«/. 034. Zoo/. /«rf,c. p.38. G. Oa. Blue-grcen Paradise Bir.l. Gen. Syn. ii. 482. /,»/. Zool. 4to. 20. VI. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill stout ih\nh mi '-.tat the end; feathers of tl.e hear:'; Stletir^'"; come very forward on the upper mandible • the rest of t * nijtenei-al, tine blue chinni,!„. ".'''"'<= .^''^t ot the plumage, '-.<, beiiy, ru,„ ;:;. r^rftee,';:': '":„7^ "^''^' *"• '-^^'^^^ —d at the end, and the undli .t'^^- ^12 1^^ ''" i 1 A.-L'Oiseau de Paradis verd. Son. Vc 01/. 104. t,99. uiacK, irides red; plumage whollv C t 2 196 PARADISE BIRD. fine green, with a gloss of polished steel ; feathers of the head, neck, and body small, and ranged over one another like the scales of a fish, appearing, in different lights, to be bine and green alternate ; the legs black. Inhabits New Guinea. f\ m 14 _GORGET PARADISE BIRD.— Pl. xlvii. Paiadisea j^ularis, Lid. Orn. i. 19G. Gm. Lin, i. 401. Shaiv's Zoo/, y'u, 501. t. GO. 70, y,it. Misc. pl. 99.3. L'lncoinpaialilf, Suiniin. Ois. Purud, Le I-Iausse-col dori-, Ois. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Iv. Gorget Paradisi; Bird, f.V/i. Si/n.'u. 478. ])!. 20. THIS is about ' ce of a Blackbird, and measures, from the tip of the bill to the . rtiou of the tail, about .six inches, but tl««- tail is more than three times the Jeiigth of tlie rest. Bill one inch lung, rather stout, moderately bent, and black ; the forehead fur- nished with tufted thick feathers, which occupy also the .sides of the head, antl beneath the eye ; round the throat they are so full, as to enlarge those parts considerably in bulk, and in fixture like black plush, or velvet ; but on the chin, at the root of the under mandible, are a few feathers with webs of the common structure ; on the head behind, the nape, hind part and sides of the neck, to the beginning of the back, the feathers are gilded green, of the usual texture, and sitting (closer to the skin, give those parts a flat appearance ; at Ihe angles of the mouth begins a line of the most brilliant gikieu copper, uhich passes beneath the eye, growing wider by degrees, and finishes in a kind of a crescent, or gorget, one third of an inch in width, on the fore part of the neck ; from this to the vent dull green, except the middle of the belly, on which is a transverse bright green band ; the back is black, with a copper and purplish gloss, in different i\i Vf^ift; tl '■•■*>., ■^!" ■^S it" i^.j -im^: m rigk'^ >** >*' I- . I, 'k; l>'AltADI>K f5lfU = !r,\>- ct':^'H, u itil '>■> 1' i v»ulish<-ti sl^fi iV'CvUiifiTb >>i tiie h».vul, Ufck i }'"dv .>n,uili. . i ranut.'v! t.-fl ;,.il,iitv. /:/(/'. (>M . 1, ^5'f>< '' '■■ '■''•• : 't^''- Shmf i Zoo/.. <:!:. >')itl. i.'!' .'/. .% ;^ .1/.M-. j.l !•:>,. I. II ■■r., ■>.i<\ ■!(■. S'jjii.iH. f>,v. I'litn-I. ;..: [J;, j^- -.■..; ,|,,:.-. O,.. ./, i'iru>f<^ ;• _"J. i>l. S. '"•. '^f '-in,.', 7'',;: ■'/•('., ; ■- .^no/. ,. '• i • ; ■ ' !' r i.', , l; : ■. *■>//»• !:>> ,'.-'• M- m. 'I! '•' \k ■' t. ■,ip-i. ;!r <•!• ■ ■■>''.•:•, -.i ',!. t:i)t ii'«-Ut >i\ ;lM-|»r;- ]>l(t til< i ;^ • ■ . •■- I ■'•.:•.■ r !'• . 'hr' u'ii-ii, u?' ;!;<.. I'tsl. iJiil sHr .uicij i'^iii; i;KJ!' i N,r):ii, iii'rt-tii.sii Is >.(, 111. and ithuk; the ii"/i( In.-, d \\\\- 'Uslu'ti v.;:.)/ U>llr(i. lilii L •H..!J.Jn.'is, vJiioll orrt»|iV ;iisa (!;<; si'les nl'llif (t^ad, tiiid jit'in :. !• t)u; »"y< ; '^Miiii! r*u, il!!i(?..o tbtv ;ir<..' so Jul!, .i^ 'o v:nlari.',t ■'iiosv' riut!-; <'ti;:>-..!» -.u. i ; .:> ..,)ik. aod »ii '(;x5,:''.t' lIKc !ii;',<.k uhl"*!'. '.>!■ ■' < ''- ■ ''«'' ■• , •'■■■ .■: ••;-■ n.M.:l (H itlr Hl'vii.!' U./t.i.^'i! •!" ..;? ... (^ IV :^ ^: ■'-■ >. ' • • ! ■> li '-U: < • .MiOH '■.!; i!< (;■ • > • i-il Sh'' 'm-;!;! I'^'hii"! i;*' • v^ . ' };.!■'' .'tuii ^»id»-. •■ t!i<^ ;.;;>. i!> ;Im !.!'-. ^;:Muii;; •:;':'K' i*H4.k, !;;•■ i' "■''■ ^UO ^ddi i.i ii"'-. »•» '. • '.-i'i-ik lt!\t^J!"<.'. .U' ... Jvlli uiV'. lhr>>i . 'ts.t 1 .:r.'U.';U"iUU:e 1 :i.f \\:- :i\uk;.-- <>r?iii: 3i)!-':l; i 1 <„iii.v '.I liii'' «(.r fr .ii.iv dli-iHl: nildr-d f; ill / /,y/ . /^fu/r//.ir - '/)/ /r/. $■ I il\ ;! -Iui« r .!• tit .Kl . nil! i« l»iU' >^'>^ ■ J. 1 '' ■; 1 > H'«^ H ^■i\i.^prn- ■ '-nr :; -r ^^h;? .;.,..(.-.'j«tf^ki^^ -' 4. Z'^- I I ^:./^ 'trl»' .<* .;> •t V' .■-# %. ■ V'j:-'*.''' - 4:^7 «i/i ■''if .»■»><., 4 ■' f. ,,;>'<' ;*!<:;'••. seven m .v:K,;ft;: .V ;'■' ', .^/^ ^ ' •' 'trrl is bl<.-- -^? <-;i|f^i * \^' %!•?« •■•Vi. I,: 't^. •■ .-(j-.CK f III ! \ 'JM r \m> iiii ! vi •^- iSP^" •^Z.^^ / / / / I* ikJ '^^MT^^^''-^^ it' • -^'-T-,.*- \ . :^K '■^^.-V,, -li ;;! ■' .',f "■•■ < I'l > ' ■■; ■:;' j' . ' 1 • 'i *. ;;f^'! '■ ■Al i*if"i f ' Ik s rji'-^ •'^ PARADISE DIRD. 199 are only of that colour at the tips, the rest of the length J)eing dusky black; back and wings steel black, with a glossy blue tin g<^ ; tail seven inches long, appearing, when spread out, rounded, but the ftathers, ',vhen folded up, have somewhat the shape of a lien s tail, being ridged at top, and hollowed beneath ; legs black. The specimen, from which this description is taken, was in Mr. Bullock's Museum, and seems so much like the Frosted Species, that it may be suspected to belong to that bird. ;I|P 18— TWELVE-WIRED PARADISE BIRD.— Pl. xlviii. I'aradisea nigricans, Black-bodied Paradise Bird, S/iaw's Zool. v'i\. j).4SL>. pl.GO. 01. Paradise..? nova S|iecies, Zool.Ind. p. 30. vi. C'erin. t. (15. f. 1 ? Manucode a douze lilcts, Ois. dc Parmlis p. 29. ()1. l.'J. New Species of Par.idise Bird, Iml. Zool. 4to. p, 24. VI. THE length of this singular bird, from the point of the bill to the end of the white tufts, is about twelve inches, Ijut if the appendages are reckoned, seven or eight more, in iill nineteen or twenty inches. The bill is two inches long, a trifle bent, and black ; tongue as long as the bill ; head, neck, and breast covered with short feathers, like black velvet; across the lower part of the breast a most splendid green band ; wings black; quills nearly white; sides of the body, and under the wings, covered with a tuft of cream-coloured feathers, very thickly set, and as soft as silk ; from the ends of siv of these, on each side, the naked shafts continue, appearing as wiry appendages, seven or eight inches long ; the length of the tufts alone about five inches : at first sight, these tufts, from collapsing together, might be mistaken for the tail, which is entirely covered by them ; the back of the bird is black, glossed with fine purple, and the true tail is only three inches long, consisting of twelve feathers, of equal lengths, the ends rather pointed, in colour like the back, but with more lustre; the under tail coverts yellowish white, and equal in im f if: 200 PARADISE BIRD. n 1: length with the tail, which, however, is never visible, unless the bird expands the wings, and the tufts are erected ; the legs are stout, and horn-coloured. According to Dr. Forster, this bird is said to have been brought into Amboina, from Missowal, in 1C89 ; an 1 much the same account is given by M. Audibert, in his Ois. de Pa adis. We learn, however, that the same species inhabits the Molucca Islands, and Amboina, being there called the Leader of the Birds of Paradise. We have, many years since, taken a description from one in the collection of the late Lady AVilson ; and again from one in the possession of Sir J. Anstruther, Bart, and fine specimens were also in the collection of Mr. Bullock. In one the black, wire-like ap- pendages are perfect, in another none are visib' except a single short one, as fine as a hair. This may probably differ from sex. I observe, too, that in the one having the wiry shafts complete, the tail is absolutely black ; but in that without these additions, it is fine, glos-iy gilded purple. A VVayghihu, Ind. Orn. i. 197. /3. Ind. ZooL 23. V. /3. Gerin. t. G5. f. 1 ? In this bird the fore parts are black, the hinder white, with twelve slender, crooked, almost naked feathers; this is the whole description. It is said to inhabit Wayghihu, one of the Pa[)uan Islands, little frequented, to be the rarest of all the species, and procured through the people of Tidore. Dr. Forster makes it a Variety of the White, or following, but from its having twelve shafts, we rather think it more proper to be placed here. i 5 " t' m it : n,j -U» f PARADISE BIRD. 201 19— WHITE PARADISE BIRD. ISradiseaalba, /„./. Orn.i. 197. Zool. InJ. p. 35. Zool. vii. 501. ^ Paradis blanc. Ois. de Pnrad. p 27 Promerops. Tern. M,,.. £rf. ;;. ^„,/, , ^Vh,te Paradise Bird. Ind. Zool. 4to. p. 23 V.* Omel. Lin. i. 402. Shaw's and found i„ New Guinea T^ i' '* ^^ extremely rare, Forster from Fr. Val eTy a '* i! v "7 ''"'' ^'^^^"»* ^«P^«^^ ^^ ^- ^-'d ; of which, we t i C h r t no fi "" "^ '"' '''^'^'^^ ^^- perhaps, has been moie br rit^rh?"" '^^^^^^ M. Temminck, mentions it as Promerops. "^' ''"" ^^ 'P"*^""^"' '''' J'^' 20.-GOLDEx\ PARADISE BIRD Paradisea aurea, /„rf. On«. i. 197. Bor. Nat. 9. 12o '_ ■ "'i^'o *"lva, Mm. Ad. Fr. i. 15. ~; aurantia, Shaw's Zool. vii. 499* Or.olus aureus. £/„. i. 103. Gn,. Lin. i. 394 Lonot, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. ./„„/. p. 1;^ Iete.-u.lnaicus. «,;>,/;,;, 37 /rf. 8vo. i. 191. Rolher de Paradis, ,,„/, jj,. u\). I.e Paradise oraiio-e /*». ,;. « j LENGTH eiffht inplipc i^.n =«"d a quarter covered with bl.ck v^ f "/'' "«^ »«* «"• an inch ^* Franc. Valentyn. Beschry.ing ran Oude end ni. . Oost-Indien . "*• ^osi-jndten. vol. ni. p. 310, 317 VOJt. III. ' D D m r^';- III J •' j MWMMMWtMto Mi ?.*»*«»'"■ t!WiK-;v 11 1 Kl i WH . ■ H II 1 1 J 202 PARADISE BIRD. wings mixed with black ; quilis and tail black, with yellow shafts ; and the latter fringed with yellow at the tip ; legs black. In young birds the beak is mottled with ash-colour. This is said to inhabit some part of the East Indies, but the place not determined. Authors have differed as to the situation it ought to hold in the system. Linnei'is at first ranked it with the Paradise Birds, but afterwards joined with Brisson in making it an Oriole. Bufi'ou thought it allied both to the Roller and Paradise Birds. But although we must own that it fails in some particulars, it comes nearest to the last named, under which head we have still continued it. A.— Paradis orange, Var. Ois. df Parad. p. 27. pi. VI. This differs from the other, merely in having the wings and tail jrreenish brown : such an one in the Museum of Mr. Bullock, of Pic- cadilly, has the edges of all the brown feathers very pale, approach- ing m some to white ; those of the tail appear to have many obsolete undulations across them. I observe in the complete bird, the feathers of the neck and breast, as well as of the back, are very long, and capable of being erected like a kind of "uff. CURUt^I. :20y GEiNUS XX -CURUCLI. 1 Red-bellied Curucui A Var. 2 Red-vented C. 3 Yellow-bellied C. A Var. R Var. 4 Violet-headed C. A Leveriaa 5 Cinereous C. G Rufous C. A \,ir. B Var. 7 Ccjlonese C. 8 Indian C. 9 Narina C. 10 Fusiiated C. 1 ME bill is short, thick, and convex, and for the most part den- tated on the edges. Nostrils covered with stiff bristles. Legs slio >t, weak, and covered with feathers or down. Toes |)laced two before and two behind. Tail consisting of twelve feathers. As far as I can learn, the manners of these birds are much alike and m which they, for the most part, agree with the first Species. The greater part of them are inhabitants of South America, except the four last species, which are tbund at Ceylon, India, or the Cape of Cxood Hope.-They are said to differ much in the various stages of .fe, which has given rise to confusion of species, and may render the followmg account of them less perfect than could be wished an^ called at Gmana, Cnrucuis, or rather Conroucouis, from their note not dl resembling that word. They are said to feed on fruits. 1.— RED-BELLIED CURUCUI. Trogon Curucui, /„./. Orn. .. 192. Liu. i. 1C7. Cm. Lin. i. 403. Jiaii p. 45. mil 96. pi. 22. Klein. Av. 28. Merrem Ic. t. 9. Bor. Nat. ii. 123. t. 14 Izinitzian, JiuU p. 103. JVill. Engl. 392. Trogon Brasiliensis viridis, Bris. iv. 173. Id. 8vo. ii. p. 90. Gerin. t. 187 Uer Curucui, Schm. Vog. p. 36. t. 22. Couroucou 4 Ventre rouge, Buf. iii. 287. pi. 14. PI. enl. 452. Le Surucua, Voy. d'Azura iv. No. 270. Red-bellied Curucui, Gen. Sj/n. ii. 485. Gen. Zool. ix. pi. 4.. THIS is between teij and eleven inches long. The bill pale D d2 '^ ti n m ' ' 1 1 1 M 1' If ^' ■ m 11 ; m : ll > : \:^'-r I Mi i-M'ji : ii Ir ,>i w •-Ml 1 I \'t 1 |i i 1 1' 1 i !.) % r^iilM HH 204 CURUCUI. n 1 yellow ; irides gold-colour ; the under mandible furnished with stiff black bristles, as well as the eye lids ;* the head, neck, and u|>j)er part of the breast, back, rump, and upper tail coverts shining green, with a gloss of blue in some lights ; the throat black ; wing coverts bluish grey, with numerous transverse, zigzag lines of black ; quills black, with part of the shafts white ; the breast, belly, sides, and under tail coverts fine red ; thighs blackish ; the tail is cuneiform, and green, like the back, but the three outer feathers are blackish, crossed with slender lines of grey ; legs brown. The female is said to have those parts, which are of a fine brilliant reen in the male, black grey, and totally without gloss ; the zigzag lines on the wings also are less conspicuous; and the three outei* tail feathers have the webs marked with black and white ; the upper mandible not yellow, but brown, and the red colour does not exten. Ixxii. Yellow-bellied Curucui, Gen. Si/n. \\. 488. Shaw's Zool.\x. pi. 4. i! . LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill pale ash-colour, scarcely an inch long ; the npper part of the head violet, with a mixture of green gold ; sides of the head and throat black ; the u[)per part of the body green gold, passing forwards to form a band of the same colour on the breast ; all beneath this is yellow orange ; thighs nearly black, as are the nnder wing coverts ; the last margined with white ; upper side coverts and scapulars black ; quills black brown, the outer edges, from the base to the middle, white; from this to the end spotted with white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers exceeding the outer ones by two inches ; these are blackish, with a green gold gloss; the second and third the same, but the edges only are green gold ; and the third has only a black tip ; the fourth black- ish, indented with white on the outer edge at the tip ; and the two outer ones, half ivay from the base, blackish ; the rest white, in- dented as the fourth ; legs feathered to the toes, which are brownish ash-culuur. Some specimens have the outer tail feathers barred black and white; and others have the three outer on- obliquely white at the ends, the colours being so separated, but not indented. A.— Psittacus flammeus viridis et cinereus, &c. Feuil. Obs. Phys, p. 20. Yellow-bellied green Cuckow, Edw. pi. 331. Seligm. Vog.9. t.21. Size of the last. Bill yellow, surrounded with black feathers, extending round the eyes, and for an inch down the throat ; irides CURUCUI. 207 yellow; top of the head, neck all round, the back, nnnj), and lesser outer wing coverts, splendid green, retlecting a gloss of blue and gold; fore part of the neck blue ..leen ; breast, belly, and under fail coverts full orange, or gold-colour; wings dusky white, c ossed with mmute, irregular dusky lines ; tail cuneiform, the six middle feathers green, with black tips, the others white, with transverse lines of black ; legs brownish. Inhabits Cayenne, and other parts of South America. In some parts of Brazil ytvy common ; has not an u.ipleasant song, or rather whistle, frequently repeatetl; sometimes soft, at orljers loud and shrill ; this the natives imitate to decoy them \ thin reach, for in general these birds frequent the tops of the trees, and being concealed under much cover, are not easily shot. It hi B.— Trogon viridis, fnd.Orn.i. 199. 2. /3. Lin.\. 167. 3. /3. ventre candido, Jiris.iv. 170. /d. 8vo. ii. 89. Couroiicou veid a vi'iitre blam-, Jiuf. vi. 293. White-bellied Ciiriicui, Gen.Si/n.u. 489. 2. A. This bird is a trifle smaller, and differs in having the bally white; the end half of the tail ft., 'lers white, separated obliquely, but indented as the other. I ha\ seen one, in which the white belly had a tinge of yellow, and is probably a Variety. 4. -VIOLET HEADED CURUCUI. Trogon violaceus, Ind. Orn. i, 199. Gm. Lin. i. 404. Lanius capite, collo, pecioreque violaceo-nigric. &c. N. C. Peir.xu 436. t. 16. f. 8. Le Couroucou a chaperon violet, Bt4f. vi. 294. Violet-headed Curucui, Gen. Si/n. ii. 491. Gen. Zoot. ix. p. 8. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill lead-colour with a whitish point ; on the forehead, round the eyes, and ears blackish ; 11 ^ iiM I- m Mfi',';"'!)!'! m : Wl 1 • I. • 1 1 208 CURUCUI. the rest of the head, the throat, neck, and breast, very deep violet ; eyelids yellow ; back and rump deep gilded green ; upper tail coverts bluish green, with a gold gloss ; the wings brown ; coverts and lesser quills dotted with white ; the two middle tail feathers bluish-green tipped with black, the two next partly blue-green, partly black ; and the three outer ones black, barred, and tipped with white. Inhabits the same places as the former ones, and seems to be greatly allied to them. M. Temminck thinks them to be the same. A.— Trogon Leverianus, Ind.Orn. Sup. xxix. Lev. Mus. p. 175. pi. p. 177. Lcverian Curucui, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 131. 1 «: : ] Size of the last. Bill lead-colour, with a paler tip ; head, neck, and breast fine deep violet blue ; wings black ; quills edged with white ; back bluish-green, with a tinge of gold colour ; upper tail coverts silky, deep lucid blue green ; tail black, inclining to green, the six middle feathers square at the ends, and slightly tipped with black ; the three outer shorten by degrees, are black, obliquely edged with white, and the ends for one-third of the length white, as is also the belly, but tinged with reddish buff; legs black. Inhabits South America. In the collection of Mr. Bullock is a singular feather, full three feet in length, wholly most brilliant and glossy green, similar to the back of the Red-bellied Curucui, the webs loose, as in the feathers of a Peacock's train. Supposed to l)elong to the tail of some species of Curucui from South America, vet unknown. '.**; I'lXIJX. m ' /tf/A///.) (///y/f//f ' t 'IK > 11 'if • • '." . to;. f i.i»«.n ' 'ityii.l »M»i ,11,1 nils, /r-/, , . '■ ..■■n..i> I),, »j, j.., » ;.||,,,. />, , .J., (.li. '■♦■■DOS T-i , I. , 1 r , , . ), ■ ■:- ; !' :)\. .311.1 (UMNrtai! .-ov.n.. or,.;,-< ;,.i!,,,. - ., , ' ' ^ >n . ihr Ui^> ;,v. havt' Whii*; .Mb^ |.M- h^oM.uv .""i ";"«•{■ ^fl'■ Hnv< HU.-r OH pad. «Hl.- vho.. . / ^ ■ '■ - ■••"' '■' ■ :<'? h\i5:s tfpr-f* ?)>(>..-., '., '" ^ ' ''•■'"'' ^''^ •■"•■ ^ V ►♦wvv^ mtv.u I: ...... *"' • •■'!*«-'■ {{Uiltv u:ii<' ..; ^1;;.. ,.fKy», • M ■.rt' f.. , '■, I ,.». . l^H UMj'"' .(■•..". ' I 1 ■ ; t'>il..' . fl "-,''"<-■ '. th,. * * .")("- ; f( > . » ,' >?;';■,. ';■•* iieilh . iff 11 i, ■' -'vri'Ods r i^i : f»f. ( ] ' 'i. H . ii. /( 't- M,m. Ell Ui'l I.. I < ■ii. f.ifj. .S Q.l. LENf.-j" ■5 ''';^-^ inrhfs„ ] fw?ih', tllia-liS, ;;?ni »•'(. ''(.->> »i ■'* HI VCif, VlJf., jj. It i'Jufnaii* rj. ,<_r4.r!i,j-, « '.'/S.-M! i :/ ^^'j';«sfrian.^ib|;^r.k <-J»)(i liT' V 'irt Mr, M ft i?(; CII ■', CURUCUI. 2(lf> l1' 5— CINEREOUS CURUCUI. Trogon 8trigil;itii8, Ivd.OniA. 200. /.in. i. 107. fi'm. Lin. \. 402. Trogoii Cayanensis tinerciis, Bris iv. 1(15. t. 10. 1. Id. 8vo ii. 88. Ccrin. t. 188. youroucou (le la Guiane, Bris. vi. 293. /'/. cnh 7()5. Cinereous Ciinicui, (icn. Si/n. ii. 489. TifH. Zool. ix. [>. 10. LENCiTII twelve inches. Bill one inch, deep ash-colour ; general colour of the body very deep ash, darker on the thighs and legs ; belly, and under tail coverts orange yellow ; scapulars, upper wing co\erts, and the greater next the body blackish, transversely striated with narrow whitish lines; those farthest from the body plain; under wing coverts deep ash, edged with wiiite ; greater (piills blackish ; the first five have white edges for two-thirds of the length, the secondaries the same, and white also at the base ; tail blackish, cuneiform, the six middle leathers six inches and a quarter long, and equal, the three outer on each side .shorten by degrees, the exterior measuring less by two inches than the middle ones ; these are striated across, black and white; legs deep ash-colour. Inhabits South America. I observe some to have a pale yellow bill ; the outer quills indented with white on the edges ; and the three outer tail feathers wiiite, crossed with more numerous black bars on both webs, and the ends of these white for near three-fourths of an inch : supposed to be young birds of the Yellow-bellied, and Violet-headed. 11 h i ;. :'( ■■!b- fi— RUFOUS CURUCUI.— Pl. xlix. Trogon nifiis, Ind. Orn. i. 200. C'm. Lin. i. 404. Couroucou i\ ejuciie rousse, Ihif. vi. 29;3. PI. Pill. 730. t'oiirourou, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. pl. Ixxvii. Rufous Ciinicui, Gen. Si/n. li. 490. pl. 21. iicn. Zool. ix. pl. 2 & 3. LENGTH nine mches. Rill dusky ; plumage in general nifous ; belly, thighs, and vent yellow ; wing coverts striated black and grey ; TUI.. III. £ K I' !| I. I w I' { 210 CURUCUI. quills black with dusky edges; tail cuneiform, six of the middle leathers equal in length and rufous, and the three outer ones on each side transversely barred black and white, and tipped with the latter ; legs dusky. The female in Mr. Bullock's Museum is olive-brown, where the male is rufous ; the striae on the wing coverts not clear white ; and the belly very pale yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. 7.— CEYLONESE CURUCUI. SIZE of the other. Head and neck brownish ash-colour ; back cinereous ; wing coverts deep lead, with numerous, transverse white lines ; quills black, with white shafts ; tail cuneiform, as in most other Cnrucuis ; the four middle feathers deeply marginetl with black, the tip also black ; the others half white, half cinnamon-colour, edged with black, as in the others. One, said to be a female, has the head ash-colour ; wing coverts rufous grey, with black lines; all beneath pale cinnamon, or butt- colour; the rest as in the male, but wholly paler. From Ceylon, in the collection of General Davies, and is most probably a Variety of the Fasciated Species. 8.— INDIAN CURUCUI. i l: Trogon Indirus, Ttul. Orn, i. 201. (ien. Zool. ix. p. 13. Indian Curucui, Gen. Si/ii. Sup. p. 04. BILL bluish, very hooked ; head and neck black, striped with white; from the corners of the mouth, just beneath the cheeks, a whitish stripe; back and wings dusky, marked with round rusty '' \ CURUCUI. 211 spots ; breast and belly yellowish white, barred with dusky ; tail very long, cuneiform, crossed with narrow dusky bars; legs ash-colour. Inhabits India, and called Bungumini. — From the drawings of Lady Impey. 9— NARINA CURUCUI. Trogon Narina, Cen. Zool. ix. p. 14. Le Couroiicou Narina, Levail. Afr. v. 104. pi. 228. 229. THIS is a trifle smaller than the American Red-bellied Curucui, but the tail longer in proportion. The bill short, and thick, colour yellowish, towards the edges and point dusky ; irides reddish ; head, neck, shoulders, lesser wing coverts, back, and ruinp, fine glossy green; chin and throat, to the breast, the same; from thence, all beneath is deep rose-colour; greater wing coverts marked with fine transverse black and white lines, on a grey ground ; quills black, edged outwardly with white ; the four middle tail feathers equal in length, and fine green; the three others on each side wedge-shaped, the outer being only half the length of the middle ones ; they are white on the outer webs, and dusky within ; legs yellow. The female is somewhat smaller ; irides brown ; the green in- clines a little to brown on the head, and behind the neck, and that colour is no where so vivid as in the other sex ; likewise, the fine rose-colour on the under parts of the male is, in the female, very pale ; the forehead, throat, and neck before are chiefly greyish rufous brown ; the wing coverts are less beautifully lined across. When young, both sexes incline much to rufous, but may be distinguished by an accurate observer. These are found in the deep woods of the Hottniqua Country, in those of the River of Gamtoos, and the Caflre Countrv ; lav four round eggs, in the hole of a tree, of a fine rose-coloured white, the £ E 2 III 1:11 ^ if " Mr Mi ''.i: i! X ^il• ^12 CURUCUI. shell being very thin; sit twenty days; is a silent bird, except in time of incubation, when it has a sort ot" melancholy note ; the young Ibllow the parents for a time; known to the Hottentots by the name of Narina. lO.-FASCIATED CURUCUI— Pl. l. Trojifon fusciutus, Ind. Orn. i. 200. Cm. Lin.x. 405. Zool. Ind. p. 15. t. 5. Natur/, xvii. s. 17. Gen. Zoul. IS. u. 0. Tiogou Ceyloiiensis, liris. Orn.Svo.W. p. 91, Fasciated Curucui, Gen. Si/n.Vi. 492. Ind. Zool. p. 35. pl. 4. LENGTH twelve inches and a half; weight an ounce and a half. Bill blackish blue, cultrated, near the end of both mandibles a notch, and the luider one shuts beneath the upper ; nostrils oval, ♦covered with short reflected bristles, surrounding the base of the bill: tongiie plain, even, sharp-pointed ; eyes large, surrounded by a beautiful, purple, naked orbit; irides dark orange; head, neck, breast, and belly scarlet ; across the breast a narrow white band; back, rump, upper tail coverts, and thighs chestnut; wing coverts )>lack, variegated with irregular white bars; quills white at the base; otherwise black ; the f)rime ones white on the outer edge, the fourth the longest ; the second quills have the outer \\ ebs Ijeautifully variegated with white bars ; the two middle tail feathers brown, with black tips ; the two next have great part of the inner web black ; in the two next only part of the outer web is brown, the remainder black; the fourth and fifth black, with a considerable space of white at the ends; the outermost the same, but the white occupies more space ; the three outer ones much shorter than the six middle, and graduated ; the outmost very short; legs dirly red. The female is one inch and a half shorter. The head, and neck, to the breast, dull chestnut ; wing coverts reddish white, with slender I ! <: «." ''" % ■"ft-J^^^t;; •*'y::. :.. .Mfe m^ >^' 0^^^-0^'miL':, .»-«l, ■li m <■■ ft! .. r. t:.'^ v\- ;ii ^i;.ii^ ■1 ' '' -in Hi ^ 1^ 1 J'v 2VI <{ ttXt{:vi n ■■V I » 1:11 i 1 1, ^ 1 1 1 ' i ', 10v;',i!i Ij,- • -.1 •]• » » LENC^IM 'M(:lv>; au iu'5 Ahi\ a hplf- 'v.-iuitj ;'i 'Jiitj'^r and ;< ImjU'. !jn;i\:-r, and Ijclly^i ;t''!*^'< ; ;»''n>>'v iLi Ijrejtsi; a iKi;i-<\v Mhile l^uiul ; Sv,u.l:., Mi!ij{!, 'tj>jit-r i.u'fi.',( ■''<•. ,a^ ^l.'JLih- '-ht vtutit * \v\uL. <:(fVfilv »'a.;!v. '■ ;ii'Mu-,'ti''j,i --^ ',i ;: I, • !li "il, tKf- '•..;■ •' M' -..•<'>.' • ■■•:.^M ;^,v.» 5 i,v -1(1 • ; \i . t»> ; I •■ . to" . iiu ^v.*> )^^'\'t, :)mK ;•.•.'' :>r Utc ir -^nu:*^ AT ^' '•!!«• ■ii'.^tf'. ; Ui^* three oiif>;it n muoit j-f- msm^ lin s;v j'ritt^''- . um" •Tii^luji?; a : ihi' ontiiiosi \ cry sl»o! t , i? , «;r\ ivil, IH iU' I'll. i ^'ff.^f/,'//, ,/ ( ////,r//f urn m ■nl; . m tm ■ ■;-:i::i mM at I ]< CUIIUCUI. 2ia transverse lines, as in 'lie male, and a narrow white band on the breast, as in that sex ; and besides the first, two otiiers less defined. Commnnicated by J>r. Bnchanan, to whom the above were sent alive from Sylhet, as of diflerent sexes; the male called by the Bengalese, Suda Sohaghin; in Hindustan, Ilnmmesha Picara, which signifies, always admirable. The female is the Cuckeuchea of the liengalese. Among the drawings of the Birds of Ceylon, by the late Mr. S. Daniels, is one, apparently of the male of this species, but wanting the white bar on the breast; in this, the crown of the head is black ; from the chin to the breast ash-colour; tiiil cuneiform, ends white. Native name Holcmunnah. IS' '4 1 i A. — Length fourteen inches. Bill hooked, blue, with many hairs at the base; space round the eyes bare and blue; irides red; head, neck, and back pale brownish clay-colour; wing coverts finely barred black and brown ; quills reddish, chocolate brown, some of the outer edges white, of others black, with half of the outer webs white; across the breast a bar of white ; from thence to the vent red ; legs short, pale red. Inhabits India; described from the drawings of Mr. Middleton. This is likewise figured among those of Lady Impey, but in the latter, the band on the breast is very narrow. Is found also at Ceylon, there called Ilantvan-kondea, by some Pittichora. Brisson's bird wants the white band on the breast. if ,■'■ 'i I: % \ i ;■. •- U if It: if B. — Length ten inches and a half. Head, neck, and breast mouse-coloured brown ; back tawny brown, inclining to ferruginous on the rump; beneath, from the breast, very light tawny; wing coverts tawny, crossed with numerous blackish lines; quills dusky, rather curved, the outer webs white three-fourths from the base ; the Igi m ^14 cunucui. outer one shortest ; the tail consists of twelve feathers ; the eight middle ones equal in length, being five inches; the outmost but one four inches; the exterior two inches and three quarters; the two middle ferruginous at the ends, with one-sixth of the end black ; the three next on each side dusky, with the outer edge tawny; the fourth, fifth, and exterior obliquely white, for one inch or more, at the tips, and freckled with dusky ; from the base to tlie middle wholly dusky; the quills reach one-fourth beyond the base; legs brown. Supposed Ji female. Another, thought to be a male, answered as to general description, except, that all the parts beneath were pale crimson, and the tail, though marked in the same manner, had the colours more pure and distinct, but without the white band on the breast. The two last in the collection of (ieneral Davies. These seem, in many points, to coincide with the Fasciated Species, and niost probably the difference of plumage arises merely from the circun<- stance of age or sex. BARBET. GENUS XXI.— BARBET. 216 1 Spotted-bellied Burbet 2 Cayenne B. 3 Black-spotted B. 4 Collared B. h Winte-breasted B. 0 Beautiful B. 7 Greater pied B. 8 Lesser pied B. A Var. 9 Gerini's B. 10 Yellow-throated B. A Var. 11 Blue-cheeked B. 12 Red-crowned B. A Var. 13 Iiuliiiii B. A Var. 14 Dnumah B. 15 Fichtel's B. A Var. B Vur. 1(5 Little B. 17 Green B. 18 Spotted B. 10 Sumatran B. 20 Buff-fared B. 21 ^ fllow-checked B, 22 Ceylonese B. 23 Austral B. 24 Grand B. A Var. 25 Javun B. 26 Indian B. 27 Batavian B: 28 V\'ax-billcd B. 29 White-faced B. JL HE bill in this Genus is strong, strait, bending a little towards the point, the base covered with strong bristles ; which, in some species, exceed the length of the bill. Nostrils hid. Toes placed two before and two behind. Tail consisting of ten or twelve weak feathers. Birds of this Genus are found in the Southern parts of America, as well as Asia and Africa ; are in general a dull, stupid race, much alike in manners, and chiefly such as are mentioned in the first species. 1. —SPOTTED-BELLIED BARBET. Bucco Tainutia, /«(/. Or». i. 201. Gm. Lin.i. 405. /iajj 05. 0. Will. 140. Id. Engl. 190. pi. 59.* Barbu A ventre tachete, PI. enl. 740. 1. Buf. vii. p. 94. Le Chacuru, Voy. ifAzara iv. No. 201. Spotted-bellied Barbet, Gen. Sijn. ii. 494. Id. Supp. p. 95. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 37. LENGTH six inches and a half Bill black, fifteen lines long, the upper mandible bent at the end, and as it were divided into (i I ^1 ll i.'i! M i!i %\)^i 'M " 'Mr * It is more probable that the Tamatia of Marcgrave, from whom Willughby copied his figure, is this bird, rather than a Thrush, which Brisson (ii. 212.) supposes it ; the bristles :;ii -1:1? 1!i^; mm «. i 210 nARBET. two at the point, and lialf covered with bristles, pointing forwards, springing from the base ; the liead large in proportion ; the orown and fore part incline to rnfous ; on the neck a collar, extending half ronnd, rufous and black mixed ; on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large black spot ; throat orange ; the rest of the parts beneath rufous white, spotted with black ; upper parts of the body rufous brown ; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne and lira/il, where it is called by some Agabue de Terre ; met with also in Paraguay, but is there a rare species : its manners correspond with the shape, being a clumsy, ill-made bird ; is in general solitary, pensive, and silent, affecting only such places as are distant from habitations : chiefly in woods, where it chuses some low branch, well covered with twigs and foliage, on this it perches with its large head resting between the shoulders, for a long time together; and as its disposition to action is very little, maybe easily killed, as it will suffer itself to be shot at several times before it makes an attempt to escape. The common food is insects, particu- larly large beetles : the flesh not good for eating. I have observed in some specimens, that the end of the tail was much worn, as if by friction, probably in supporting themselves by that part, in running up the trees like the Woodpecker. 2.-CAYENNE BARBET Bucco Ciiyancnsis, Tnd. Orn. i. 202. Gm. Lin. i. 405, Buf. iv. 05. t. 7. f. 1. Id. 8vo. ii. ()8. GVri/i. t. 1F3. Gen. Zool. \\. p. 33. Tamatiu k tt-te et gorge rougis, Buf. vii. p. 96. Rarhu de Cayenne, PI. enl. 206. 1. Barhu de St. Domingue, PI. enl. 206. f. 2. Cayenne Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 495. LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch, dark ash-colour, and a little bent at the tip, at the base a few bristles ; forehead and throat at the base of the bill, the large head, the flatness and breadth of the bill, will justify th*" fixing it in this place rather than in the other : as to the position of the toes in Marcgrave's plate, wc must not depend on that, as errors of the like kind are frequent in old author*. •(1 r nVRBET. 217 ih red ; top of the head black and grey, with a gilded gloss ; each feather black in the middle ; over the eye, on each side, a band of white, passing almost to the hind head ; the npper parts of the body are black, the edges of the feathers grey-gold ; neck before, breast, and belly yellowish white ; the sides dashed with cinereous olive, an)e no doubt of this being the bird meanl by Linnaeus, as he refers to that in Bris.son, above quoted ; yet he makes his bird an inhabitant of Africa; and adds, that the number of tail feathers is ten ; whereas, Bris.*on expressly affirni.s, that he received his from South America, and that it has twelve feathers in the tail. I suspecl, therefore, that the first nained author has been deceived in the native place, although he might be right in the identity of the bird. OARBET. 219 5 —WHITE-BREASTED BARBET. Bucco fuscus, Ind. Orn. i. 20G. Gm. Lin. i. 408. White-breasted Barbet, Gen. St/n. ii. 505. SIZE of a Lark ; leniiftli seven inci es. Bill one inch, compressed on the sides, and curved at the point, colour brownish black, but the base is yellow, passing obliquely f-orward, from the nostrils, to near the end of the under mandible • nostrils covered with bristles, pointing forwards, to about one-thiru of the length of the bill ; head large, and very full of feathers; plumage in general brown, down the shaft of each feather pale c^eam-colour ; on the breast a triangular whitish spot; qnibs and tuil brown, the last cuneiform ; legs brown. Inhabits (Cayenne. 6.— BEAUTIFUL BARBET. Td. 8vo. ii. 09. Gen. Zool. Bucco Miiyanensis, Fnd. Orn. i. 203. liris. iv. t. 7. f. 3. ix. p. 20. Bucco elegaiis, Gm. Lin. i. 400. Le bt au Tamatia, Buf. vii. 98. PI. enl. 330. Beautiful Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 498. Ts'at. Misc. pi. 461 SIZE of a Sparrow ; length five inches and three quarters. Bill ash-colonr, with the edges and tip yellowish white; top of the head, sides, and throat red, edged roinid with light blue; at tin- corners of the mouth begins a sireak of the last, dividiug the red on each side; upper parts of the body and tail green, the last cuneiform, and composed of ten feathers; quills brown, with the outer edges green; fore part of the neck, and breast deep yellow; on the lower part of the breast a large red spot; the rest of the under parts yellowish white, spotted liongitudmally with green; legs ash-colonr. F F 2 1 : i fl< i ^ •if . »■ ^1^ i ' il !S»5 1'. ''. ti; ■ I ■ > v 1 jf A, ■ Imp [i ■B: U ^H^Hl i' ■Kj {:■ ■ ™ .:V^' v:M W ' ■i • .-^^gmmiPiMmmn r R ftfj' ^ 220 BARBET. Inhabits the Country of Maynas, on the borders of the River Amazons, in South America, and probably other parts. 7.— GREATER PIED BARBET. Bucco ni'dcrorynclios, Ind. Orii. i. 203. Gm. Lin, i. 400. Tainatia iioir et blanc, BiiJ". vii. 99. Le plus grand Barbu i gros bee, PI. enl. 089. Tamatia, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxvii. Greater Pied Barbet, Gen.Syn.\\. 498. Gen. Zool.'ix. p. 35. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, larger in proportion than in any of the former ones ; it is hooked, and divided into two parts at the tip, like the first Species ; the Ibrehead is white ; crown and nape black ; on the fore part this colour is prolonged downwards, and half surrounds the eye; the forehead, sides under the eye, throat, and neck before vvliite, extending in a narrow collar round the nape behind ; the lower part of the neck, back, and wing coverts are black, margined with dusky white ; across the breast a black band ; quills and tail black, the feathers of the last tipped with white ; belly and vent white ; sides and thighs black and white mixed ; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne. 8.— LESSER PIED BARBET. Bnceo melanoleucos, Ind. Orn. i. 203. Gm. Lin. i. 400. Tainatia noir et blanc, Buf. vii. 99. Barbu a poitrine noire de Cayenne, PI. enl. 088.2. Lesser Pied Barbet, Gen, Syn. ii. 499. Gen, Zool. ix. p. 30. LENGTH five inches. Bill large in proportion, and bifid at the tip, as in the last; like which also, the plumage is only black and white ; the upper parts of the body are black, but there is a little BARBET. 221 mixture of white on the forehead, and a white spot on the scapulars ; behind the eye a white streak ; the throat, and sides of the neck, are wliite; on the breast abroad band of black, which extends upwards a little way into the white, on the sides of the neck, like a crescent; from this, to the tail, the under parts are white, except on the sides under the wings, which have a mixture of black ; the tail is black, tipped with white ; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne. A. — In the collection of General Davies is one, having the same plumage, with the exception of the belly, beyond the black, being rufous, mottled over the thighs with transverse, pale, white and brown markings. This probably may differ in sex from the other. ill •m B. — Differs in having a spot of white on the forehead, instead of a mixture only ; the white streak, beneath the eye, extends downwartis on each side of the neck, and some of the outer tail feathers white at the base. 9.— GERINIS BARBET. m Bucco Gerini, Ind, Orn. i. 207. Picus Indicus magna ex Parte cneruleus, Gerin. ii. t. 181. Gerini'b Barbet, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 132. SIZE of a Thrush ; length nine inches. Bill black, stout ; crown of the head blue, spotted with black in the middle; beneath the eyes, the cheeks, and neck before, half way, black ; quills black ; hind part of the neck, to the beginning of the back, most part of the belly, and vent red. 1.. < > ii , ,, iti -^ 'mimmmmi in BARBET. Native place uncertain, only met with among the engravings of M. Gerini's birds, and there called a Woodpecker, but the bill is large, and in shape, too like that of a Barbet, to be placed in any other Cienus. lO.—YELLOW-TIIROATED BARBET. Bucco Phllippcnsis, Ind.Orn.i. 203. Gm. Lin.'x. 407. Wm. iv. 99. t.7. f. 2. male /(/. 8vo. ii. p. 09. Gen. Zool.'ix. p. 21. Lin. Trans, xiw, p. 181. Barbu !i Gorge jaiine, Buf. vii. 102. t. 5. PI. enl, ;W1. Yollow-throiited Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 500. LENGTH five inches and a half Bill brown, pretty thick, and near one inch long; the top of the head, as far as the crown, red; the rest of the head, and upper parts of the body, wings, and tail dull green; on each side of the head a large yellow spot, in the middle of which the eye is placed ; throat, and fore part of the neck yellow; on the upper part of the breast a transverse broad red band; the rest of the under parts dirty yellow, longitudinally streaked with dull green ; legs yellowish ; claws brown. One of these, said to be a female, was in general olive green ; round the eye [)ale yellow; on the forehead a mixture of red; chin pale, mixed yellow ; below this, on the throat, a mixture of pale red, as in the forehead ; on each jaw a brown patch ; from the breast to the vent pale dull greenish white; bill as in the othi'r; legs red. From Lord Mountnorris. A. — Length six inches. Bill black, with long hairs, from the nostrils, covering the greater fiart of the forehead ; from thence, to the middle of the crown, and just round the eye, red; irides dark, with a pale ring; the rest of the head, as far as the under jaw, and u 1( li.; i! M,M'/^I ■i:.*; I ■f I ""*<»'■■: l*''^ I I Mil m yj/.. -U./.y • /Lys Ch. ■-S. ^' 1 , n f M . •^<^S. t;i ... I ■ ' , ■ ; I » •.:h ";. II I r 5> ' '/"1,\ ( t;'!^''!! M. : J [1; t »!«■ I I j^:^ I! w I :*« » ar i'* * ■V9*'. ■ V* ... '.'^?- v'"^''' '5i''' 'ati' '•'"'i s.-;{^\^7 '^li»v-'«fe- / •.. -. '.t «.r4.. t f I > 'M\ BARBET. 223 to the nape, dusky black ; close to the eye two oval spots of yellow, one above, at the back part, the other larger, below, and these two spots are distinct from each other; chin and throat ytillow, curving a little backwards, below the yellow a patch of red ; the rest as in the first described. Inhabits various parts of the Coast of Coromandel. The nest is a kind of pouch, about four inches deep, swelling a little at the bottom, and open at top ; composed of thick, downy materials, and fastened, in several parts, between the forked branchts of the extremities of trees. It is, no doubt, a Variety of the Yellow-throated Species, and known by ditl'erent names; Bussunt buri, and lluria, at IJengal ; and Bosenta, at Hindustan : found all the year in gardens near Calcutta, and lives chiefiy on plantains. From various drawings in the collection of Sir J. Anstruther, it appear; to vary nnirh, according to age or sex, both in plumage, and the colour of the legs. Found also in Java, called Engku. III 11.— BLUE-CIIEEKED BARBET.— Pl. li. Trogoii Asiaticus, InJ.Orn.'i. 201. (ien. Zool.'w. \i.7. Blue-clieeked Curucui, 6V71. Sifu. Sup. p. 93. LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill black, strong, compressed at the point, nearly one inch long, greenish at the base, where it is depressed, and beset with long, black bristles, turning forwards ; nostrils oblong; tongue lacerated at the end ; orbits naked, brown ; margins of the eyelids crenated, and orange-coloured; irides brown ; frontlet and crown scarlet, divided between the eyes by a black band, which bends at right angles, and becoming narrower, bounds each .side of the crown ; between the frontlet and this black bar, is a whitish line ; cheeks, chin, and throat azure blue; below each side of the latter a scarlet spot ; except the above, the general l' ^♦ •ir.i ^ '7 ■ f'-^mm^mtmmnHf li > 224 BARBET. folour of the plumage is green ; wings and tail darkest ; quills black ttutwardly, and dusky within ; but except the three first, the outer webs are green, and the under margined with pale yellow ; the tail rounded, of ten feathers, green above, and azure beneath ; and the wings, when closed, just reach beyond the base ; legs dirty olive green. Inhabits Calcutta, and its neighbourhood, the whole year, and excavates holes in the trees for its nest ; lives chiefly on wild figs, plantains, and other fruits, and is extremely noisy. It is the Corul of the Mussulmans; Bassunt buri of the Bengalese of Calcutta ; and Bassunt Gorul of Sylhet. Bassunt buri means the Old Woman of the Spring ; Buri being an old woman, and Bassunt one of the divisions of the year, which includes February and March. Most of the Hindus pronounce this word Vassunta, but the Ben- galese do not use the V, and cut off the final vowel. I am indebted for the above to Dr. Buchanan, on whose authority I place it as a Barbet. — I learn, that some at Calcutta call this bird Kutkhodau.* 12.— RED-CROWNED BARBET. Bucco rubricapillus, Ind. Orn. i. 205. Gm. Lin. i. 408. Red-crowned Barbet, Gen. Si/n. ii. 505. Brown III. pi. 14. Gen. Zool. is. p. 23. SIZE of a Goldfinch ; length five inches and a half Bill dusky ; crown and throat scarlet; above each eye a black line; on the cheeks, and above each shoulder, a great whitish spot; back and wiii_: coverts fine green ; prime quills dusky ; breast yellow ; in the middle a short, transverse bar of black, and another of red ; belly white ; tail green, tlie exterior feathers dusky ; legs pale red. Inhabits Ceylon. * One species of Woodpecker is also called by this name. ^4' •-- Jfc- HARBET. o.)5 A. — Length six inches. Bill bluisli, anil bristly at the base; on eacli side of the forehead a yellow spot, bounded with black ; fore part of the head reddish orange, with a small yellow spot on the upper side, bordered by a black line, which passes from the bill over the eye ; on the cheeks and wing coverts a greenish white sjiot ; breast straw-colour, crossed with Ji crimson band, bounded by a stripe of black on both sides; belly pale ash-colour, fringed with green ; hind part of the head, neck, back, wings, and tail . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1b lis Li 1^ lii£ ^ lis 2.0 1.4 III 1.8 1.6 .%:'^j^ "4V^ 7 Photograpnic Sciences CoipoKition \ ^ •^ [\^ A >. ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 6^ > ! < : > I ... .1 iiii«mimi 226 BARBET. A. — In this Variety the bill is dusky ; the forehead, to the crov, ii, red ; beyond this black, passing round the sides of the head to the throat ; within this the chin is white, the black below bounded with crimson ; over and under the eye a patch of white ; the general colour of the plumage otherwise green ; tail the same, cuneiform ; legs pale red, or flesh-colour. Inhabits India, named Setwuhunt. — Sir J. Anstruther. 14— DAUMAH BARBET. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill large, pale red, not furnished with hairs at the base ; head and neck pale brown ; eye in a large bare yellow skin, pointed before and behind ; between that and the bill white; over the ear a small brown patch; the rest of the bird pale green ; beneath, from the breast, plain greenish white ; the legs pale yellow. Inhabits India, named Dauraah. 15.-FICHTEL'S BARBET. LENGTH more than nine inches. Bill very stout at the base, one inch and a half long, and yellow horn-colour; on each side of tlie nostrils ten or eleven bristles, almost as long as the bill ; feathers of the crown and neck behind loose, narrow, and pointed, pale ash-colour, margined with brown ; from the lower part of the neck the colour becomes green, continuing on the whole of the back, wings, rump, and tail, which is rounded in shape; the quills brown without, and dusky within ; chin, fore part, and sides of the neck BARDET. 227 pale brownish ash ; breast greenish, the feathers margined with brown, and somewhat long; lower belly, thighs, and vent green; legs brownish yellow. Inhabits India; brought from thence by the late M. de Fiehtel; it is also not uncommon at Ceylon. A.— Length seven inches. Bill large, convex above, pale red ; from the nostrils ten or twelve long hairs, nearly reaching to the end of the bill; round the eye bare and yellow; head and neck pale brown, streaked with white down the shafts ; all beneath dusky white; towards the vent greenish white; wings, back, and tail green; the legs pale. Inhabits India; called Cussunta Burrah.— Sir J. Anstruther. B.— A second Variety had the space round the eye red, like that part in the Pheasant; few or no hairs at the nostrils ; close round the chin and back of the neck the feathers are short, narrow, and white ; also a mixture of white about the neck ; legs almost black. 16.-.LITTLE BARBET. Bucco parvus, Lid. OniA. 204. Gm. Lin. i. 407. Petit Barbu du Senegal, Buf. vii. 105. PI. enl. 74G. 2. Little Barbet, Gen. Syn.u. 503. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 29. THIS is only four inches in length. Bill brown ; plumage above blackish brown, tinged with fulvous, but on the quills inclines to green ; the feathers of the first edged with white ; beneath the body white, dashed perpendicularly with brown; throat yellow; at the angles of the mouth a short white streak, passing beneath the eye; legs pale red, or flesh-colour. Inhabits Senegal. G o2 I mm :m ^mmmmmmm 228 BARBET. 17— GREEN BARBET. Bucco viridis, Ind. Orn. i. 205. Cm. Lin. i. 408. Barbu vert de Mahe, Biif. vii, 107. PI. enl. 870. Green Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 504. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 22. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill whitish, more than one inch long, and seven lines thick at the base, where the upper mandible is furnished with black bristles; head and neck greyish brown, the feathers of the latter edged with whitish ; above the eye a white spot, and a second beneath it; the rest of the bird fine green, paler beneath, except the greater quills, which are brown ; the legs are dusky. Inhabits India ; brought from Mahe, on the Western Coast. 18,— SPOTTED BARBET. Trogon niaculatus, Ind. Orn. i. 201. Gm. Lin. i. 404. Barbu, Tem. Man. Ed.iu Anal. p. Ixxviii. Spotted Curucui, Gen. Syn. ii. 491. Brown III. pi. 13. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 5. SIZE of the Nuthatch. Bill brown; crown deep green ; neck, breast, and belly pale brown, barred with dusky ; edges of the wing white ; coverts and secondaries green, tipped with white ; tail dusky, barred with white. Inhabits Ceylon. 19— SUMATRAN BARBET. SIZE small. General colour of the plumage green; chin pale blue ; on each side of the head three crimson spots ; throat dark, or dusky. Inhabits Sumatra and Java. h 'IM h ik- ■M iU' I •'I ,11. I I '^y/A^y. yir,/r/ ^*'. A H*,i » ' 1 : m I .vliu:h are J/'-u*'. fl':»ii ?!);- lull: f-HvJu-at}, chiU, suiv'^ ■■■". th» hc^u!. .f'.'t'aHi f'i, «jfr»-. .'■}' binr-<>iij>ijr ; i!j;p) ; |i;)rts of tlir *'itn i\m rH^i^»:; that thk uativ./x i-,.. i':r)t-^\Uht\ iramt-- LKNGTB ^'^'?'f iiichts UTM.! ;v .,/;/c-'N-.r liilt .«fifut, strait, duvf- '[f :-A I'll ^ 'I '1 ^-1 it 1 1.- J." If I I' I U*i 'S. J.'' If mm ll i Mi ■•\%'«f»f"9' 1 1 V II .^^, i' ■,•:'■' :'W^ \ i ■'■^: ^ '^ •<^'lf ^ ^ * % i^" .*^' ■ ,.v -y i' ■; i; t; ' ..•>.-<.fS«ifl^ /^ -i^ ^i ,^,^Mv S(S^- '^rf*- ;'. 'V I'lS&e- W;^s*:-.-'^-*'*«Si«^^; .f ■ V V.i'' •^'* ,i£iijgM« ' 'A r>!»'. BARBET. 22S) 20.— BUFF-FACED BARBET— Pl. lii. IJucro Lathami, Ind. Orn. i. 205. Gm. Lin. i. 408. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 28. pl. 5. Bufl-faced Barbet, Gen. Si/n. ii. 504. 'h H M':^^ LENGTH six inches. Bill pale, beset with bristles at the base, which are longer than the bill ; forehead, chin, sides of the head, round the eyes, dull buft-colour ; upper parts of the body dark olive- green, the under paler ; wings dark olive ; quills dusky, with greenish edges; tail dusky, short ; legs yellow. A specimen of the above in the British Museum. Native place unknown. 21.— YELLOW-CHEEKED BARBET. Bucco Zeylonicus, Ind. Orn. i. 205. Gm. Lin. i. 408. Yellow-cheeked Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 506 Id. Sup. 95. Brown. III. t. 15. Zool. i.v. p. 24. Gen. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill red ; head and neck pale brown, clouded ; sides round the eyes naked and yellow ; back pale green ; wing coverts the same, spotted with white ; prime quills green, within dusky; belly pea-green; tail green ; legs pale yellow. Inhabits Ceylon and Batavia, called at the former Kottorea ; perches on high trees, and cooes like a Turtle, but louder, and it is from this noise that the natives have formed the name. !' I,' j; f 22— CEYLONESE BARBET. LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Bill stout, strait, three- quarters of an inch long, colour deep brown, at the nostrils several '-wwi|Hf«r^ -"- ,.. I 230 BARBET. stout hairs ; forehead to middle of the crown and sides before the e}'e crimson; chin pale reddish orange, the rest of the plumage dark dusky green; wings and tail the same; legs brown ; on the throat, just above the breast, a few red feathers, but as the specimen was in bad condition, a further account could not be obtained. Inhabits Ceylon, named 3Ial Kottorea. — In the collection of Mr. Comyns. I suspect this to be the male of the Yellow-cheeked Species. 23.— AUSTRAL BARBET. Biicco Australis, Lin, Trans, xiii. p. 181.— Ilorsfkld. LENGTH five inches and a half General colour of the plumage olive-green ; forehead, chin, under the tail and the scapular feathers verd iter green ; cheeks, throat, and breast saffron- colour ; between them a transverse black band ; quills and tail blackish brown, the feathers of the latter have externally a dusky-yellowish border. Inliabits Java ; called Truntung. 24.— GRAND BARBET. Bucco granclis, Ind. Orn. i. 204. Gmel. Lin. i. 408. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxviii. Grand Baibu, £h/. vii. 100. P/. en/. 871. Grand Barbet, Gen. Si/n.i\. 503. Gen. Zool.\\. p. 40. i I LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch and three-quarters long, and one thick at the base, where it is beset with black bristles;, colour whitish, with a black tip ; plumage chiefly fine green, but differs in various parts; for the head, and fore part of the neck incline to blue in different lights, but the hind part of the neck, and part of the back BARBET. 231 are tinged with chestnut brown; the greater quills mixed with black; under tail coverts fine red ; legs dusky yellow. Inhabits China. A.— Length ten inches. Bill reddish brown, stout, with six or eight bristles at the base and nostrils ; round the eye bare, and red- dish ; plumage in general dull green ; breast and belly pale, or whitish green ; quills black ; tail short, green ; iegs pale yellow. Inhabits India ; by the English there, called Honest Face ; it is probably the female. From the drawings of Lady Impey. f 1 5- Hi 25.— JAVAN BARBET. Bucco Javensis, Liti. Tram. xiii. p. 181. THIS is rather larger than the Missel Thrush ; length scarcely nine inches. Bill very stout, black, with long hairs, coming forwards from the base on each side ; plumage in general green ; crown yel- lowish ; over the eye a black streak, and a second over the jaw ; chin crimson, beneath it black, and below this a crimson spot ; on each side of the gape a spot of yellow ; legs dusky. Inhabits Java. A fine specimen of this is in the Museum of the India House, called by the Javanese, Chodock.— That described in Lin. Trans, measured eleven inches ; the crown orange, as is also the spot on each side of the gape ; in other things the two descriptions coincide. 26.— INDIAN BARBET. LENGTH nine inches. Bill very stout, furnished with long hairs at the base ; crown crimson ; through the eye dusky ; towards 'b^ ,1 :/'i''t ' ' ' ■»; " '■'■\^ ' ■ i-'l 'Mm m fSila I is >; :•< lai Am :*; m 232 nARBET. \i. I the base of the under mandible a yellow spot, beneath this one of crimson; chin fine glossy yellow; lower part of the neck and sides under the eye dusky ; independent of the above the general colour of the plumage is green. Inhabits India, and probably Java. This seems much allied to the J.avan Barbet. 27.— BATAVIAN BARBET. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black ; plumage green above, yellow green beneath, with paler green streaks on the crown; under the eye and the throat crimson, bordered all round with blar\; tail plain green ; legs pale. Inhabits the Island of Java, called there Prinya. — Dr. Wilkins. 28.— WAX-BILLED BARBET. Bucco calcaratus, Tnd. Orn. i. 20G. ciiiereus, Gm. Lin,'\, 409. Corvus Australis, Gm. Lin. i. 377. ■ tranquillus, Gm. Lin. i. 417. —— affinis, Shaw's Zool. vii. 381. Coucou noir de Cayenne, Buf.\\. 416. PI. enl, 512. Tamatia, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxvii. Wax-billed Barbet, Gen.Syn.u. 507. 17. Id. Sup. p.9(j. Gen. Zool.'tx. p. 41. 1. i'i SIZE of a small Blackbird ; length eleven inches and a half. Bill one inch and a half, somewhat compressed on the sides, and curved nearly the whole of its length, but more so near the end, the colour imitating fine red sealing wax ; nostrils covered with reflected bristles, and a few others reaching more forward on the bill ; irides BARDET. 2.'i3 led; head, neck, and upper part of the body dusky .i;reenislj black; lesser wing coverts, nearest tlie body, mixed with wliite; under wini; coverts mixed grey and wliite ; at the bend of the wing, a bttle within, a whitisli horn-coloured spine, an eighth of an inch long, and blunt at the tip ; the first quill is two inches long, the sei.'ond three inches, and the third three inches and a half, but the fourth is a trifle the longest of all ; the second quills nearly all of one length ; breast and belly cinereous; quills and tail full black, the latter composed of twelve feathers, rounded at the end, and the wings, when closed, reach on it about an inch ; legs black, ^ith a membrane between the toes at the bottom. Inhabits Cayenne ; is a solitary, silent bird ; for the most part found perched on a tree, which grow.s near the water. We have formerly, owing to ir.iperfect specimens, been under much uncertainty in respect to its Genus; and it has but lately been ascertained to have twelve feathers in the tail, being so in a fine specimen in my possession, presented to me by Lord Seaforth. r ■ ■ t: 29.— WHITE-FACED BARBET. THIS is, in make and shape, not unlike the Wax-billed Species, but is larger. The bill is more stout than in that bird, though not greatly difl^ering in shape, the colour red ; the face round the base of the bill white; body and wings deep lead-colour; the tail black ; legs brown. A specimen of this in Mr. Bullock's Museum ; said to have been brought from the interior of Cayenne. How far this differs from the Wax-billed Barbet, can scarcely be determined, whethiir sexual only, or a mere Variety, for it has the same small spur at the bend of the wing. 'V. ' .bM 'OI,. I II. H H ■mM mi :i'ii Inhabits the Coast of Barbary.— A fine and perfect specimen in the Museum of Mr. Bullock. 2.— SMOOTH-BILLED BARBICAN. Bucco dubius (3. Ind. Orn. i. 20G. 16. Pogonius laevirostris. Smooth-billed Pogonias, Gen. Zool. ix. pi. 2. Zool Misc. ii t. 77. Doubtful Barbet. Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 90. THIS bird is greatly similar to the last described, but the bill is not channelled, or furrowed, being wholly smooth, and pale yellow, and the indentations on the edge less conspicuous ; on the crown a mixture of crimson feathers, which passes behind each eye, and afterwards extending forwards to blend with the crimson on the fore parts; the greater wing coverts tipped with crimson, forming an oblique bar across the wing ; on the middle of the back a patch of white, with a thick tuft of silky white feathers, square at the ends ; all the under parts are red ; but the chin, close under the bill is black, and a spot of the same just at the base of the under mandible ; the general colour of the plumage otherwise black ; quills brown. Inhabits Africa. We have penned these as distinct species ; but from the great coincidence in colour of the plumage, are by no means positive of their being so ; possibly the difference may be only owing to sex, — M. Temminck receives the last described as young bird. 3.— VIEILLOT'S BARBICAN. Pogonius Vieilloti, Vieillot's Pogonias, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 3.— (Frontispiece.) Zool: Misc. ii. p. 104. t. 97. IN this the beak is smooth, not grooved ; plumage in general brown; head, neck, throat, and spots on the breast scariet ; interior wing quills externally with pale margins. H H 2 I I -. it fm •Iff '-' 11 m 'iir if 'ill' \&7^'^-r^"-^ 236 BARBICAN. A specimen of this is in the British Museum, and appears to be a young bird in the state of changing its phimage. I'* I 1 1 4.— BLACK-THROATED BARBICAN. Bucco niger, Ind. Orn. i. 204. Gm. Lin. i. 407. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 30. Barbu a gorge noire de Lu9on, Son. Voy. 08. t. 34. Buf. vii. p. 103. Black-throatud Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 501. SOMEWHAT larger and longer than the Common Grosbeak. Bill blackish, furnished with a sort of process or tooth, about two- fiflhs from the tip ; forehead fine red ; the crown, hind part, throat, and neck black ; above each eye a curved stripe of yellow, which, as it proceeds downwards, becomes white, and descends in a strait line to the lower part of the neck ; beneath this a black stripe, and between it and the throat a white band, which goes on to, and blends with, the breast ; and this, as well as the rest of the under parts, is white ; middle of the back black, but the side feathers, between the neck and bac.k, have a yellow spot on each ; wing coverts black, four of them fringed with white, and one with yellow, forming a stripe across the wing ; beneath this, some of the feathers are spotted with yellow at the ends ; and under these, others, which have yellow margins; quills black, bordered with yellow; legs black. Inhabits the Philippine Islands ; also the Cape of Good Hope. A specimen, from the latter, in the British Museum, was seven inches long, and differed only in having the rump of a beautiful yellow. A. — Bucco niger, Ind. Orn. i. 204; 8. ^. Le Barbu a Plastron noir, Bnf. vii. 104. Bucco rutifrons. Red-fronted Barbet, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 31. Barbu du Cap de B. E»perance, PI. enl. 688. 1, Length six inches and a half Bill black ; forehead crimson ; from this passes a stripe of black over the head, and down the back I I' H nARBICAN. 237 of the neck, to the back ; sides of the head, and neck white, uniting on the breast ; from which the under parts are white to the vent ; the white on the sides of the head diversified, first by a streak of black, beginning at the base of the upper mandible, and dividing the white into two parts, ends on the shoulders ; the chin and fore part of the neck are also black, beginning at the base of the upper mandible, and, dividing the white into two parts, finishes on the shoulders; chin, and neck before black ; upper parts of the body and wings mixed brown and yellow, the edges of the feathers being, for the most part, fringed with yellow; the rump almost wholly pale but bright yellow; tail brown, the feathers margined with yellow; the legs are lead-colour. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; probably the female, if not a young bird, of the last ; for the bill is less strong, and the process on the edges not so projecting; in the plumage, the body is more variegated, and the markings less distinct, as is often in young birds. ■■'u fill ml 5— VARIED BARBICAN. I SIZE of the Black-throated Species; length six inches and a half. Bill stout, black, full one inch in length from the gape; at about one-third from the end furnished with a double notch, or process, as in the last mentioned ; over the nostrils several black hairs ; the whole head, chin, and throat to the breast with a mixture of crimson ; on the crown much varied with dusky black ; cheeks nearly plain, but the chin and throat are dusky white, the feathers being only tipped with red ; hind part of the neck, and beginning of the back olive-brown, mixed with whitish, but beyond to the rump with pale yellow ; belly and vent pale yellow; wings and tail brown; some of the quills fringed with yellow ; legs black. ^^tw^« .':-<: Mm w W>'.' mm II i I 238 BARBICAN. We have seen several specimens of this bird, which differed but little from each other ; in one the mixture of crimson and white passed down from the chin only as a broad streak : there is every reason to suppose that this is not a mature bird, and that it possibly may be allied to the Black-throated Species, from the exact similarity of the bill, as to size and shape ; also, on inspecting the under wing coverts, they were manifestly imperfect in respect to feathers, as usual in young birds ; but, as we cannot determine this, it must remain for the present as a mature species. I i! 1 I 1 !' 11 t ! I \l i: I I I I ii } )' \ 1;' I I It I '\ i i 6.— ABYSSINIAN BARBICAN.— Pl. liii. Bucco Saltii, Abyssinian Barbet, Salt Tr. App, p. xlvi. liv; LENGTH seven inches. Bill horn-colour, very dark, stout, and large, from point to gape one inch ; the upper mandible has a double notch, or process, on the edge, and bends much at the point; in form, the bill is somewhat similar to the Black-throated, but stronger, and the process, or rather double indentation, nearer the base ; +he general colour of the bird fine glossy black ; forehead, as far as the crown, sides, including the eyes, the chin, and throat fine crimson ; from the nostrils, as well as the base of the sides of the under jaw, and chin, are fine hairs, pointing forwards ; upjjcr wing coverts black, edged on the sides with white, producing a streaked appear- ance ; quills dusky, the outer margin, for the most part, fiinged with yellow; the second quills nearly as long as the prime ones; under wing coverts pure white ; tail of ten feathers, two inches and a quarter long, nearly even at the end ; legs dusky ; toes placed two and two, but the inner ones, both before and behind, very short, especially the latter, which is not half the length of the adjoining, so as to give the appearance of there being but one hind toe ; claws short, but stout. Brought from Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt ; two of these, nearly similar, were shot together, and supposed to be the two sexes; observed to cling to the branches of trees, like the Woodpecker. i .'. ' «.n f I w. '- I :1 '3»a^^'" i^''^ M' !i. 1' t iit?^ , ""'%■' fli^ , '•','v''VV t ^ #' '""^.^iy"" < • - * T "s- ■ •f .(^••Vj-f'iij, ^y\. rfc.. ■ f, ii '_ ■ ■" ■ ? . M ■ • ! iJ:!|i n ^11 tiM'^-S 'i.-|8 vAftniCA.v. J |. ;,■ t h<"iru/f .■■'■>-.i:k ' ibfi':- {s (•■% i rv ron^Mii to ■■:■ jn-;!.' 'il^ '' - :.' - i.' ifi -iih :'\. ^i-\f ■'''■•»'■; V'! ,' ;_.. ■• v.vi • ■■■' M >•>'(•' h,iWl}:i>i ;:l:)::S\ hiui'L ^ lov^'t. *■.;;!. .'v j.u' ,v- d.^r rM<.vv.i sMti-'N, iiu:!n'.4'ii.i;; ?!>♦" •'•^' '^- tlsf clu'i, uud tl.roal fi.'si- cniH>>'.U! , iV'"!:(i th. liit'-Jr;!^. as Ipse)? uS' »'i'-- '^'^'^e ^n" ila- ^nJe :.}^ th,; uni.iKr }-y-y, :r\'il fl;'!s- ari' *mf. «»i.t!/.-.. t f^.-"'y i*>; w a )•«)■■ , , ;■> vvnjn- t/ov^rrs l.hv'i'i '''.;.-' 4 d^J!'-^!^'-^' •{*%''• ■'"■i'-' V^tUh. 5.' i»|s'i^'-'vi - '^"v'-' r; - ;.;.*; .if., ^i^H'»- ; ' ■•■ 't, •■^•Mi/u ; -l'^- - '*>' 'r v.!> lu;...s:i -i" K>r!:4 ;)•- j.^ . jK'inic (;?!■;■■., UIhS;*' ^v'i;:?.^ ;:'f>vi ^ } '- ' ' *v^i^t^■ : t;iM ■■■"' > Or^*". in >» vtuJui;'. jjusi'fi!; 'iO^l tsvo, bitt ^it' ">.'>".! ■'■MI'S, i)<«*fi :n.>'i' ^•■, *,•.'•! K-JjiitiJ, '^\x\ .slJorf. *>si>.Tninv tht^ liUt' ^rTr *i -. U'jt iiuH i- . ,. V:^ ^i "i' tin: udvynihii^. <*> IU'J^ ; •i««H ViMSHtnia. Iiy Ms '^^'^' two oi' ihv'^i' ^'!>■0rH * ■'• ■ -* ».''♦■ »f * )bs( ;rv< o •> 'li^u; v-^iv !Huin.U':'^ of tii^*:'*. nk*' the ^'^ •»fM(i^'"i kv>'- . '*»'~s<. !'l I.lll. H < it if k '1 teli A .ffi. iiifi /^y/.j^,ur//, • yJrr//f, ffrf /f iili ''?) \M COUCAL. 239 GENUS XXIII— COUCAL. 1 Giant Coucal A Var. 12 Lark-heeled 2 Pheasant 7 Chestnut 13 Lathamian 3 Kindred 8 Dusky 14 Rufous 4 Bubut 9 Long-heeled 15 Variegated 5 Lepid ! 10 Strait-heeled 16 New-Holland C Egyptian i 11 Antiguan 17 Negro J. HE beak in this Genus is strong, and slightly curved. Nostrils strait, elongated. Feet with two toes placed forwards, the exterior the longest ; and two behind, the interior furnished with a very long claw. In the greater part of the species tb; feathers of the head and neck are narrow, and remarkably stiff in their texture. — M. Levaillant has discriminated this Genus, having characters differing from the true Cuckows, in which I readily agree with him. In this we are joined by Mr. Stephens, in his General Zoology. There are, how- ever, several species which do not entirely correspond with this Genus, or that of the Cuckoo, about which each describer will have his sentiments. %m 1— GIANT COUCAL. Polophilus Gigas, Gigantic Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 45. Centropus Gigas, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxiv. Le Coucou Geant, Levail. Afr. v. p. 86. pl. 223. THIS is probably the largest species known, being thirty inches in length. The bill brown, thick at the base, and curved towards the point ; top of the head, neck behind, back, and wing coverts rufous brown, tinged with olive ; and a trace of rufous white down the middle of each feather ; on each side marked with dusky black « l;l^ :i -r ill i' i 240 COUCAL- bands ; the feathers of the head, neck, and breast thick, stiff, and glossy on the sides; quills banded alternately with rufous brown, and rufous yellow; tail cuneiform, ten inches long, black brown, the ends of the feathers dirty white, and crossed with from sixteen to twenty rufous grey bars ; the greatest number on the two middle feathers ; under parts of the body, from the breast, upper and under tail coverts, light fulvous brown, barred with dusky; wings short, reaching only to the upper tail coverts ; legs stout, scaly ; the hind claw two inches long, rather stout, and somewhat hooked. Inhabits New-Holland.— In the collection of M. Temminck. 1 1 ? I M ) 2.— PHEASANT COUCAL. Cuculus Phasianus, Jnd. Orn. Sttp. p. xxx. Centropus Phasianns, Tern. Anal. p. Ixxiv. Polophilus Phasianus, Pheasant Coucal, Gen. Zool.'ix. p. 48. pi. 11. Zool. Misc. pi. 40. Pheasant Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. p. 137. LENGTH seventeen or eighteen inches. Bill, head, and all beneath fine black, the first stout at the base, and (uirved ; back and wings varied with rufous, yellow, brown, and black, mixed in the manner of the blending of the Woodcock ; tail long, and barred elegantly with the same colours ; legs dusky black ; toes placed as in the Cuckow Genus, but the hind claws are pretty long, and less hooked than the forward ones, resembling, in this, the Egyptian Coucal, which, however, differs materially in colour, as in that bird the back and wings are plain rufous, and the tail, though long and cuneiform, is wholly black. Inhabits New South Wales; called, by the English there, the Pheasant. COUCAL. 3.— KINDRED COUCAL. Centropus affinitt, Lin. Trans, xiii p. 180.— Ilorsfield. LENGTH fourteen inclies and a half. Plumage black, wings ferruginous, hind claw bent ; the scapular feathers are soot-coloured, with white shafts ; the outer tail feathers with a white band at the ends. Inhabits Java, called there, Bubut-allang-allang. ''I 4.— BUBUT COUCAL. Centropus Bubutus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 180. — Ilorsfield. LENGTH eighteen inches and a half This has a glossy blue- black plumage, with bay-coloured wings. Inhabits Java, generally called by the name of Bubut. if '^■■> 5.— LEPID COUCAL. Centropus lepidus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 180.— Horsfield. LENGTH twelve inches. The crown, neck, scapulars, and second quills fuliginous, the shafts margined longitudinally on each side with white ; wing coverts bay or brown, with white shafts ; greater quills bay, with brownish tips ; chin, throat, breast, and belly white ; rump, tail coverts, and tail fasciated black and ferruginous ; at the end of the last a whitish band. Inhabits Java. TOL. III. I I VI •'l:.',V'-:' mi :jjyi,fw»-' mmf. r 242 COUCAL. ' i! 6. -EGYPTIAN COUCAL. Cucului £gypt:u8, Ind.Om.'u 212. Gm. Lin.i. 420. PolophiluB iEgyptiiis, Egyptian Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 54. Houhou d'Egypte, Bt{f. vi. 367. Levail. /(fr. v. 72. pi. 219. Egyptian Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 522. LENGTH between fourteen and sixteen inches. Bill near one inch and a half long, and black ; irides bright red ; head and neck behind dull green, glossed with polished steel; the feathers all round, stiff in their texture ; upper wing coverts brownish rufous, inclining to green ; quills rufous, terminated with shining green, except the three last, which are wholly green, and the two or three preceding them, mixed in colour; back greenish brown; rump and upper t.il coverts brown ; tail cuneiform, three inches in length, shining green, with a steely gloss ; throat, and under parts of the body white, paler on the belly ; lower belly, thighs, and under tail coverts pale blackish green, with fine dusky stripes ; legs blackish ; the inner hind toe long, with a strong, straitish claw. The male and female do not essentially differ, but the latter is smaller, and the colours less bright. It is seen in Egypt, frequently in the Delta, and called by the Arabs, Houhou, from its repeating that word several times together ; the male and female rarely seen asunder, nor are more than two often together ; the principal food is locusts ; chiefly breed on low bushes near running water, seldom on high trees, nor often on the ground. Authors assert, that it makes the nest in the hole of a decayed tree, at the bottom of which the eggs are laid, and that they are four in number, placed on the decayed pieces at the bottom of the hole ; both sexes sit in turn. M. Levaillant met with it first in the forests, adjoining the Gamtoos, as far as Caffre Land ; also in Camdeboo, but not towards the Cape itself; he mentions one particular habit of this bird, which •i^v'f'^/,'!*^- : Wl v\ uv. )////// (^r/n^f/. 1^' -*»■ 1 iw^ 'Oi».M. :ii:\ bt.'gii)s: 4te> ^»0tf, coiUiiiiiiui; it ihf «'r*«.*er ^jswfjr^ of Ji?«J!ji*«*niU)^% anu i.'dinrii^tit'ti^ la^l^vi an l)f>»H' oi- two ijeiJ5»)»: .*fiios*'t • . -^ ButRm.. Q^ir l.i#-4^"cre'<'f<9it lA^^cl^fWi' ■■ '■'^ Wf> ^r'-mm\ {mf^^^jit'i% for d.o<^ itot ^|*|«!pi5t fco lite^ f 'pc*l5W SilnJl. iht; bill b<;in!'!? Kium Jiko .Sf*in.-. •>' '*^.v, ■ "-. V.f,. !tf| \M •3 ('■■ ' 3'* b 1^ ■1' 1 i I :l: ■! !i!* |.nry, ,1 \y e-. v.. uKXCiTM eixtmitw "-e^viju^^ ^^^44&;;v ■^/,'»Hiit'-lj Mu' tinl liccupjiirs " ■ ^^ . -.■ •" ■■" f ■ ;>;• / . ! ■;:-:■!>■ , ^.* It I ' I' . # 1^ rr I [ • ■■■ t m TTJrt* vvy .■vf-' ■h&.. COUCAL. is, the perching lengthwise on a branch, and not transversely.* The note not unaptly expresses Courou-Courou cou, &c. &c. ; at day break begins its song, continuing it the greater part of the morning, and commences again an hour or two before sunset. This bird, M. Levaillant supposes, may be the Courou coucou of Buffon, our Red-crested Cuckow;t to this we may fairly object, for many reasons. Seba, indeed, calls it a Brazilian Cuckow-but it does not appear to be a Cuckow at all, the bill being more like some of the Parrot kind, or, at least, one of the thick-billed Grosbeaks. J The toes likewise are placed three before and one behind ; and as to the colours of the plumage, it seems more to correspond with the Cardmal Grosbeak; although it measures, in the figure, two inches longer. A.-Coucou des Philippines, Ind. Orn. i. 213. Buf. vi. 369. PI. enl 824. Egyptian Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 523. IG. A. This is so like the last, that one description might serve, and is, by Buffon, supposed to be a male bird. 7.— CHESTNUT COUCAL.—Pl. liv. LENGTH sixteen or seventeen inches, of which the tail occupies one half, and the wings, when closed, reach one-third thereon ; the shape of the tail rounded, or moderately cuneiform. Bill one'inch and three quarters long, compressed, strong, and black, the upper mandible bent downwards; nostrils covered with a flat riin, * The European Goatsucker does the same. t Cuculus Brasiliens.s, Ind. Orn. i. 222. Red-crested Cuckow. Gen. Syn. ii. 545 ^ Seba u.erely «ays, - Rostrum breve, incurvum est. quale Pneudo Psittacorum I I 2 • : "I .y f 'Ml "i^. Ih 'i44 COUCAL. li m i |! proceeding from their upper maigins ; tongue lacerated at tlie end ; irides scarlet ; general colour of the plumage shining black, but all the wing coverts, scapulars, and quills, bright chestnut; legs black ; Hie inner hind claw strait, and of twice the length of the others. Dr. Buchanan infonns me, that this bird is the Alahua of the .\Iussulmans ; Cuco of the Bengalese; and Boua-bove of the Burmas. It is scarce near Calcutta, but common in many parts of India ; and called by the Europeans, Pheasant Crow; makes a noise, which the Burmas think resembles Boue-boue ; very common every where on the banks of the Arawady; is somewhat larger than a Magpie, and, except in feet and colour, has a strong resemblance to it ; said to be a solitary bird, and generally seen hopping about, near some thick- set hedge, or among underwood, by the sides of rivers, into either of which, if disturbed, it flies for refuge, and if driven thence, flies no farther than to the nearest trees, reluctantly shifting its place. In the stomach of one was found the bones of a Lizard, and the remains of insects. One of these in the collection of drawings of General Hardwicke, was eighteen inches in length ; the head, neck, and imder parts ash-coloured, streaked with white as far as the breast ; over the eye a whitish stripe ; belly and thighs marked with transverse lines of white; tail plain black, not greatly cuneiform, though much rounded ; wings as in the other. This was met with at Cawnpore in April, and said to be a bird of the first year. ?l ! ■ jt ( 8.— DUSKY COUCAL. Le Coucal noirou, Levail. Af. v, 78. pi. 220. SIZE of the Crow. Bill very stout, curved at the point, dusky glossy black; irides dusky brown; general colour of the plumage : I COUCAL. black ; wing coverts part rufous, part black ; quills wholly deep rufous, wit;'i the ends dusky black ; feathers of the head and neck remarkably stiff*, and glossy on their edges, so as to resemble pins ; the tail about the length of the body, cuneiform, or much rounded at the end, and the wings reach just beyond the coverts; le«»^s stout, glossy black, the inner hind claw strait, and, in old birds, is some- times two inches in length. The female a fourth part less than the male. The black inclines to brown on all the fore parts ; and the spur at the inner heel half an inch shorter. M. Levaillant killed a pair of these about Swart Rivier, at some distance from the Cape of Good Hope, in the act of feeding on car- rion, with other birds of prey. He also found, on dissection, the remains of insects in the stomach ; not that he is certain of their feeding on the carrion itself, but probably on the insects, or larva?, of such as are nourished by it. < V 9.-L0NG-HEELED COUCAL. Cuculiis Tolii, Ind. Orn. i. 213. Gm. Lin. i. 422. ■ Madagascariensis, Bris. iv. 138. t. 13. 2. Id. 8vo. ii, SO. Polopliilus Tolu, Tolu Coucal, Gen. Zoo/, ix. p. 52. Coucou de Madagascar, Biif. vi, 309. t. 17. PI. enl. 295. 1. Long-lieeled Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 524. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill brown, one inch long; head, throat, neck behind, and upper part of the back covered with longish, narrow, stifle feathers, blackish, with a rufous white stripe down each shaft ; those on the throat, the fore part of the neck, and breast the same, but only a longish stripe on each side ; lower part of the back, rump, belly, sides, thighs, upper and under tail coverts greenish black; scapulars, upper and under wing coverts, fine chestnut, the shafts • :!■ ■'£ I tiwrn m Hi ^^11 i.7. ■» , • i 246 COUCAL. purplish ; quills chestnut, tipped with brown ; tail more than eight inches long, blackish green above, and black beneath, in shape cuneiform ; legs black, the claw of the inner toe three quarters of an inch long, strait as in the Lark. Inhabits Madagascar, and there called Tolu ; from the similarity of the name to Houhou, it may possibly be the young of that bird, if not of the chestnut species. » ■ i ! J: Ik I ' I ill If ■ i \ ' .'!. 10— STRAIT-HEELED COUCAL. Cucuhib Seiiegaleiisis, Tnd. Orn. i. 213. Lin.u 1G9. Gm.Lin.'i. 412. Bris.'iv. 120. t. 8. f. 1. /(/. 8vo. ii. 75. Boroivsk ii. 129. 4. Polopliilus Senegalensis, Senegal Coucal, Cen. Zoo/, ix. p. 53. Coucou (lu Senegal, Rufalbiii, PI. enl. 332. Buf. vi. 370. Strait-heeled Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. ii. 525. LENGTH fifteen inches and a quarter. Bill black, fifteen lines long. Plumage in general brownish, inclined to rufous above, and to dirty white beneath ; head and neck above blackish, the middle and shafts of the feathers deeper ; cheeks, throat, fore part and sides of the neck dirty white, with bright coloured shafts ; rump, and upper tail coverts brown, striated across with deep brown ; under parts from the breast dirty white, with very obscure, transverse stria? ; under tail coverts the same, but more obscure ; quills rufous, with brown tips ; tail eight inches long, cuneiform, black ; legs greyish brown, formed as in the last. Inhabits Senegal. In one, apparently the same, in the collection of Lord Stanley, I observed the shafts of the feathers of the head and neck, to be remarkably stiff; belly and thighs white ; vent pale dirty rufous ; back and wings fine deep rufous ; tail coverts brown, undulated with darker brown ; tail dusky black, rounded at the end ; legs black, inner hind claw three quarters of an inch long, and but little bent. COUCAL. 247 This came from Senegal ; is also not uncommon in Abyssinia, in the mountainous districts, among the thick Caper, and other thorny bushes. m 11— ANTIGUAN COUCAL. Polophilus viridis, Green Coucal, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 55. Coucou vert d'Aiitigue, Son. Voy. 181, pi. 80. Ind. Orn. i. 213. y. Egyptian Cuckow, Gen. Si/71. u. 523. IG. B. Id. Sup. p. 100. LENGTH nineteen inches and a half. Bill stout, curved, and black; nostrils almost covered with short feathers ; the upper eyelid furnished with eight or nine bristles; head and neck dusky brown,* and the feathers narrow; the fore part, as far as the breast, marked down the shafts with indistinct pale spots and bars, the hind part plain; wing coverts deep rufous, obscurely barred with dusky; on the inside of the wing a short, blunt spur; quills barred rufous'and blackish alternate, about twenty of each ; tail long, cuneiform, the outer feathers measuring only five inches; colour black, crossed with numerous, oblique, dusky white lines, not corresponding on each side of the shaft; belly, thighs, upper and under tail coverts dusky, crossed with numerous white lines; legs short, stout, rough; chiw of the inner toe strait, and one inch in length. Inhabits China; described from one in possession of Sir Joseph Banks. I observed, too, among India drawings, one full eii,-hteen inches long : general colour black ; the wings deep rufous ; tail black, cuneiform, with eight or ten whitish bars on each side of the shafts ; this was called Mahoca. Among the drawings of Lady Impey, there was one greatly similar, from the Coromandel Coast; this is said to !*•■ , It;'.: iiii * According to Sonnerat very dull green. II f »►! -I if ^i! ffr < 1 1 If ' n 218 COUCAL. have the general ]>hiiiiage black, except the wings, which are bright ferruginous flame-colour; the prime quills barred with black. This is known in India, by the name of Crow Pheasant,* ami we may suppose it to be a voracious bird, as it goes by an Indian name, signifying Devourer with the Mouth. 1-2 — LAUK-IIKELKI> COUCAL C'lK-ulus nfiif^iih'iisis, fiiil. Orii. i. 211. Cm, Lin. i. 41*2. Toloplnhis l{rii;;iilriisis, lKiij;iil ('omul, GVh. Z«(»/. ix. ji. r>0. l.ark-hrilfd Ciickow, CVh. .SV/h. ii. r)'2r>. lirown JHusl. \u 'Hi. 1. 13. THIS is a trifle larger than a Lark. Bill dusky; head, neck, back, and wing cov«rts ferruginous, niarkelack, pointing downwsnds; belly yellowish brown; quills reddish brown, the first and second of the prime ones plain, the rest barred with black ; tail very long, and cuneiform ; the outer feathers dusky, with brown tips; the others mmked with bars of l>lack, and narrow on«'s of brown ; legs black ; the inner hind claw strait, as in the Lark. Inhabits Bengal. Ilow many, or whether the whole of those having the Lark-heeled, inner hind claw, are related to each other, must be left to future enquiry. \f< 11 t I r I3.~LAT1IAMIAN COUCAL. Polophihis Lathuiui, Latlmmian Coural, Zool. Misc. pi. 50. Cc». Zool. ix. p. 46. pi.!). BILL short, curved, black; head, neck, throat, breast, belly, and thighs black, with whitish sprinklings ; back and wings reddish ; wing coverts obscurely banded ; quills distinctly spotted, black ; tail • Tlie Chestnut C. is culled Pheasant Crow. COUCAL. 24fi black, with narrow, transverse, somewliat internipte«l, whitish hands- shape ouneiform in respect to the outer feathers, but the fonr middle are longer than the side ones, and erp.al in len^rfh i„ rep.rd to earl, otiier; legs black ; inner hind claws long, Lent. A specimen of this in the JJritish Museum ; but from whence is unknown. 14— RUFOUS COUCAL. Le Coiiral rutin, Lemil.Afr.v. 82. pi. 221. Polophilus Coucul, (Jen. Zool. ix. j.. 44. pi. 8. LENGTH eleven inches. The bill seven-eighths of an inch somewhat .stout, yellowish brown; irides light rufous; general colon; of the plumage rufous, in diflbrent shades; the head, neck, back and wmg coverts brownish rufous; down the shaft of each feather a i.ale, or rutous white streak, in the manner of the Quail ; the colour of he wmgs more bright, and barred on th<, sides with dusky brown • under parts of the body paler ; tail pale rufous, half the length of he bud, rounded ; the two mid. 47. pi. 10. THIS is above eighteen inches in length. General colour of the plumage variegated with rufous, yellow, and black ; hinder part of the back black ; tail black above, with transverse, variegated bands ; the hind iinier claw long, and bent. A specimen of this is in the British Museum. Native place un- known. r 16.— NEW-HOLLAND COUCAL. Polopliiliis leucoj^aster, White-bellied Coucal, Geji. Zool. ix. p. 49. pi. 12. Zool. Misc. i. p. 117. 52. THIS is about the same size as the last described, and resembles it mucli in appearance ; the head, neck, throat, and breast are black, the shafts spotted with whitish ; the feathers alternately banded with black and rufous ; belly whitish ; back yellow, alternately banded with black and white ; thighs luteous ; tail black, with transverse white lines. Inhabits New-Holland. The inner hind claw very long, and moderately curved. COUCAL. 261 IHl 17— NEGRO COUCAL. Le Coiical Negro, Levail. Aj'r.w 84. pl.'2'J-_». Polophilus Muuius, Black Coucal, GVn. ZW. ix. p. 57. pi. l.J. SIZE of a Missel Thrush ; length eleven inches. Bill black, one inch long ; irides chestnut ; the plumage wholly black, without gloss ; tail slightly cuneitbrin, half the length of the bird ; end of the quills rounded in shape, and reach only to the rump ; legs black, stout, one mch long; the inner hind claw one inch and a cpiarter long, not strait, but undulated in shape. '^' The female is smaller, and inclines to brown on the belly. Inhabits the great forests in Caflie Land ; cliieHv seen on the lower branches of trees; the male has a note like C6oo-ro. repeated \^n times together, and is always accompanied by the female, but the latter has no note beyond that of cri-cri-cri-c.i, .somewhat like that ot the Kestrd, while hovering in the air; they make the nest in the hollows of trees, and the female lays four white eggs ; both sexes sit in turn. M. Levaillant killed only tive of them, and found the remains of insects in the stomach. ':1 ^- (if i \t K 'J III i '•fij-: m h '«^ 252 MALKOHA. I GENUS XXIV— MALKOHA. 1 Rrd-lifudcil Miilkolia 2 Tri-colourcd A Vur. 3 Wliite-btUied 4 Sintok b Javuii In tins (lenus the bill is stout, longer than the head, curved iVoni the base, and smooth edged. Nostrils linear, near the margin. Side of the head, round the eye, bare and granulated. Wings short. Toes placed two before and two behind ; claws short, and bent. ■ .ii '!i! 'ill Si 1— UED-HEADED 3IALKOIIA.— Pl. lv. Ciiciiliis pyrrlioceplmliis, Ind. Orii.\. 2'22. Cm. Lin. \. 417. Zool. Ind, t.Q. Ph«Eni(,o])li!ius i)ynli()c<'|)lr,iliis, Got. Zoo/, ix. p. .39. LeMalkoliii, Lcvuil. Aj'r.y. p. DO. pi. 224. lled-htadcd Ciickow, Gen. Si/ii.u. b44. //»/. Zoo/, pi. G. TME length of this bird is sixteen inches ; weight four ounces. IJill strong, very thick at the base, and bends downwards, colour greenish yellow ; top and hind part of the head and neck, under the jaws, greenish black, with a slender white streak down the shafts of the feathers, and from the narrowness of those about the head, appear as numerous specks ; sides of the head, and round the eyes, wholly bare of feathers, appearing rough or granulated, and reddish orange-colour, bounded beneath with white ; but down the middle of the crown covered with f, 'Others ; fore part of the neck, back, and wings greenish black, with a gloss of green on the last ; tail very long, cuneiform, greenish black, appearing glossy in some lights, the feathers white for nearly one-third from the end ; breast and belly white; the legs brown, with yellowish scales; claws crooked; the wings reach a little beyond the middle of the tail. >r .'■■^:^m ,i.T' '■'J ^ #'' It"! »■ "'„.; ^.iK.; ^rj i^^f" >.s •.*■■ :":i«' 'I - •! feli: .'"if / A^'/ ?^ tTll^:. .J&i. 1^ li i II f; |)^< .iol '¥'^ .UIKOIl.-, . \\ f ^ :S^ H^l i ■ tioailut Si n't ^ \ V. ;) ^x l;!li,>i>-"'''* '» r-iM' iHW- '1.?»- b^li <> :'s«(r«*, iff»*ii'' t J '1 ■ \..«:4Tr'« 5vlnjf;^(, .J>^vu th*: ritarju"?; lai) th*3 hfc'a».i, cwVi*-; '•"it' {alwL Sifir ol* IIm iifiul, romid fht ey<\ i»o>: mtvfU? ';, 1^ J.-- -if, -iif >' !■ iW. pi. J!^l. tJ,f.!,*.ti.M.-.; r •K 'W <,«>»1. S'*;.' . i( J"' •- \ s ]»: ieuiLrth of thi«. uird is s.\l^><.!-> >i.f h<^- ; Mvi.^rbi liiusr Mijir^' U'^ '^-'' i". jf'invjuvariis, *;■>]«»!> ,u-- ii^ri'v.sN wh«'UN i'arc of onuit.!v -iTplonr't bo ' M ^ /^ < ;;«t t ■»•«; ;< '»■ H4; • i>U i: h';?r si] ii« *\i' U( ivif-a 'k n;>*«> '.>• «f^ Idi i?uf I'.'ivr* the mui isr of t]w (M'iVVll CC^. O ■tb tt athei-' ■« ot f'' nt-CK a'iv, ami •tvThi;"^< 11. vfi^rn'^h bliK Aiti I a ii)(Hs of iCJtHju -ik tht la'r'« 1 tilt; mi Ut;<: i>' Vf!y tail 7 . ^. ■i^ ^ t:-> •# l\ r. s L._.. •IV: V --.lA 'm '^W 5|t it- 1' .m PI !Hli MALKOHA. 253 Inhabits Ceylon, where it is called Malkoha ; lives in the woods, and feeds on fruits. A specimen, in Mr. Daniell's drawings, was full eighteen inches long, and named Maal-kenda-Ettah. ■X P .^. 2.— TRI-COLOURED MALKOHA. Cucuius curvirostris, Curve-billed Cnckow, Nat. Misc. pi. 905. Phoenicophaus tricolor, Tricoloiued Malkoha, Gen. Zool.ix. 61. pi. 14, Le Malkoha Rouverdin, Leuail. Afr. v. 92. pi. 225. THIS is more than sixteen inches long. The bill stout, formed as in the Red-headed, but pale in colour: the bare part on the sides of the head occupying less space ; the head full of feathers, bluish grey; neck behind, upper parts of the body, and wings, dull green, in some lights appearing more or less glossy ; throat, neck before, breast and belly, thighs and vent, brownish chestnut; tail greatl*'^ cuneiform, the two middle feathers near seven inches lon^-, the exterior three ; colour dull green, in some lights glossy, with the ends, for some length, brownish chestnut; legs dusky blue ; claws crooked; the wings reacli but little beyond the base of the tail. Supposed to inhabit India.— In the Cabinet of M. Temminck, of Amsterdam. ,;• \ A.— Length eighteen inches. Bill stout, much curved, and pale horn-colour ; under mandible dusky, with a tew Iiairs at the base ; plumage u.>ove fine deep gr i, very glossy, about the head iore dull ; all the under parts ferruginous; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers ten inches long, the outer only six ; colour as the back, with the end half of all the feathers deep ferruginous ; the wings reach just to the base ; legs brown. In the Museum of Mr. Bullock, and appears to be a mere Variety of the former, if both do not differ in sex only from the Red-headed Species. ^ ■.'•■■' ■■A. ' • '4;! Im »: ' *'H '^i'i^ ■■ ii !5 l\ 254 MALKOIIA. 3— WHITE-BELLIED MALKOHA. Plia-nicopliaus leucogaster, Wliite-bellied Malkolia, Gen. Zool. ix. [>. (JO. Lc Malkolm, Levail. Afr. v. p. 90. pi. 224 ? LENGTH nine inches ; bare space round the eyes orange ; plu- mage above greenish black, inclining to green on the wing coverts, back and tail ; quills black, bordered with black-green, and in some liirds whitish on the interior edges ; neck and throat dull green ; feathers of the belly and beneath the tail margined with white; those of the shins dirty white. Specimens >r this bird are to be seen in the collections of Paris Hid Amsterdam. le length is said to be only nine inches; but we suspect this to mean aidependent of the tail, for, if it is tlie bird quoted from Levaillant, that, including the tail, is sixteen inches; and I further suspect, that the three before described, and this, may hereai'ter l)e found to belong only to one Species, in different stages of growth or sex. 4.— SINTOK MALKOHA. Phcenicophaus melanognathus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 178. — Horst-'^Ul. LENGTH of the body seven inches, of the tail eleven. Nostrils elongate, situated at the base of a groove, which extends nearly to the middle of the beak ; colour of the plumage above glossy green gold; beneath, and a broad space of the tail chestnut ; jaws yellowish ; mandible deep black. Inhabits Java : called there Kadallan, or Sintok. MALKOIIA. 255 5— JAVAN MALKOHA. PhfKiiicopliaus Javanicus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 178.— HoisHdcl. LENGTH sixteen inches and u half. Plumage in general hoary, greenish black; cheeks, chin, and neck before, venf, and thighs ferruginous bay ; tail feathers white at the end. Inhabits Java ; known there by the name of Bubut-kembang. 1 "t • '1 .1 , >'i t 4 ii'l m 1:4 \ !'' ; '; ■ J X V mi f % !f i ■V t; * I 256 CUCKOW GENUS XXV. -CUCKOW. i 11 1 1, ': I 11^ : I ii * JFJM /our Tbfj. 28 Indian Black 61 Tippet 1 Common Cuckow 29 Asiatic Black 62 Spotted-brea»ted A Rufous 30 Swift 63 Flindcr's B Undulated 31 Chestnut 64 Port Jackson 2 Dunmun 32 Mournful 65 Barred-tail A Var. 33 Basal 66 Blue-headed 3 Sokagu 34 Yellow-billed 67 Pacific 4 Bhrou 35 Crested Black 68 Horned 5 Byclian 36 Coromandel Crested 69 Sharp-crested 6 Sirkeer A Var. [ 70 Long-billed Raiit 7 Ferruginous-necked ! 37 Black and wiiite Chested i 71 Rain : 8 Panayan 38 Ceylon 72 Mangrove 9 Grey-headed 39 Brown ■ 73 Laughing 10 Solitary 40 Collared 74 Carolina Jl Madagascar Crested 41 Black-breasted 75 Black-billed 12 African 42 Great-billed 76 Red-crested 13 Chinese 43 Bronzed 77 Brazilian Crested 14 Blue 44 Gilded 78 Spotted 15 Metallic 45 Klaas's A Var. Ifi Sacred 40 Gorgeous 79 Punctated 17 Madagascar 47 Cupreous j 80 St. Domingo A Var. 48 African Green 81 Cayenne iSi Tisaii 49 Shining A Var. 19 Great Spotted 50 Splendid B Var. A Var. 51 Glossy 82 White-rum ped '20 Indian Spotted 52 Metalline A Var. 21 Hepatic 53 Noisy j B Var. 22 Chinese Spotted 54 Cape" 83 Honey A Var. 55 Yellow-bellied 84 Great Houct 2;i Sonnerat's 5(5 Paradise 85 Lesser Honey 24 Rufous-spotted 57 Chalybeate ** With Thrre 'l\ 25 Panayan Spotted A Var. 86 Abyssinian 2G Eastern Black j 58 Fan-tailed 87 Asiatic A Coukeel 59 Society 88 Tridactyle 27 Mindanao j GO Spotted-tailed CUCKOW. 207 diCKOWS liave the bill in ^-eneral weak, and more or less l)ending-. Nostrils, with a few exceptions, bounded by a small rim. "J ongue short, pointed. Tail, for the most part, cuneiform, consisting of ten feathers. Toes placed two forwards, and two backwards. Such are the general characters, admitting of some deviation in particular instances; in a few the nostrils are not precisely formed as above mentioned. Two or three are said to have twelve* feathers in the tail, nor is this part in all cuneiform ; one or other, however, of the reigning characters will be found among those which deviate, sntficient to justify placing them in this Genus:- but, indeed, should a division be thought requisite, Cuckows might be separated into two families, the one, like the true Cuckow, to consist of such as make use of other birds for rearing their young ; the other, those which make nests for that purpose, and hatch their own eggs. Of the former, we do not positively know more than five or siv; and of the latter .scarcely twice as many ; the manners of the rest being quite unknown, and therefore must continue to be blended with each other, till we have more authority for such separation. ■,'■•*■ 1.— COMMON CUCKOW. Cuculus canorus, Ind. Orn. i. 207. Lin.u 1G8. Faun. Succ. No. 96. Cm. Lin. i 409. Scop. i. No. 48. Raii 23. Will. G. t. 7. 27. Bris. iv. 106. Id. 8vo .i. p. 70. Klein, p. 30. Id. Stem. 5. t. 4. f. 5. n. c. Frisch. t. 40, 41. Kram. 337. Brun. No. 30. Muiler. No. 95. Georgi p. 1C5. Faun. Arag. p. 13. Sepp. Vog. t. p. 117. Schcef. El. t. 31. Block. Berl. Nat. iv. s. 582. t. :•<, f. 1. (the egg.) Gerin. i. 80 t. C7. 69. Borowsk. ii. 125. Bechst. N. Deutsch. ii. 484. Besek. Vog. Kurl. s. 34. Berl. Neu. Schrift. i. 166. Shaw. Zool. Led. i. t. 60. Gen. Zool. ix. 68. pi. 16, Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 2;J5. Id. Ed. TOL. Ill, L L p. 382. -PI ''■'<>i I I ; !' '' !' f < ^ M i I "is 258 cucKow. II Cuculo, Olin. t. p. 38. Celt. «c. Sard. p. 80. Der Asclifrrave Kukuk, Schmid Vog. p. 38. t. 24. Le Coucou viilgaiie d'Europe, Levail. Afr. v. p. 20. pi. 202, 203. Buf. vi. 305. I'l. <•«/. 811. Robert Ic. pi. 2. Kuckuk, Wirs. Vog. t. 38, 39, 40. Nuturf. ix. s. 48. Common Cuckow, Gen. Syn.W. 509. Id. Sup, W. 133. Jrrf. Zoo/, ii. 206. A. Flor. Scot. i. No. 08, Alb. i. pi. 8. //oyortional)ly capacious, and almost as thinly covcrod with external integuments. Dr. lilocli mentions others, in which the structure is similar, viz:— Roller, Goatsucker, Coot, and Kcstril. See Bcsch. dcr licrl. Ccsell. iv. s. I8S; to which, we may add the Bee-eater ; and, according to Rlumenbach, the Toucan, and Nutcracker. t Ph. Trans, v. 78. p. 219, X Mr, Pennant observed, that five males were caught in a trap in one season. § The occupiers of a nest have been known to dispute the entrance of the Cuckow ; foi on the jight of one, a Redbreast and its mate jointij' attacked it, and drove it away. Hist. Ois. vi. 323, 309, Buffon here mentions at least twenty sorts of birds, in whose nests the Cuckow deposits her eggs. The Cowpen Oriole is said to lay her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them, in a similar manner witli the Cuckow, II To 55 grains,— t/^e?»jer. As tlie bird wt'ighs barely four ounces, 38 of such eggs will about equal tliat of the parent ; but the Raven weighs two pouii0 CUCKOW. ' i 1 Muiiiber observed in the ovary. The Cuckow first makes its appearance here the middle of April, and, for the most part, leaves us the first week in July ;■* that is, the old birds, the male coming and going first ; for those hatched here the same season stay long after, going away in succession, according as each may be able to take its journey. It is not to be wondered that young Cnckows have been mistaken for Hawks, being, for the first season, not unlike the female Kestril,t but do not gain the note of the adult till the following year. 'J\» account for the young Cuckow being alone found in the nest, it was believed that the old one destroyed the eggs laid therein by its owner, before she deposited one of her own ; but the fact is, that the eg*^ of the small bird, and that of the Cuckow, are hatched together, and from the moment the young of the latter is excluded, a propensity to free itself from its companions is manifest, and by means of its wings and tail, when grown strong enough, lifts every thing over the edge of the nest, to fall to the ground, and perish ; and this it is soon .able to efiect, as the growth is uncommonly rapid. It is no uncommon thing for two eggs of a Cuckow to be laid in the same nest ; in this case, the young cuckows become competitors for possession, anti never cease to make efforts, till finally one is victorious. The food of the Cuckow consists of beetles, flies, dragon flies, and other insects ; also caterpillars, both smooth and hairy, J besides vegetable matter, § small stones, and snails, with their shells. — Instances have occurred, in which the stomachs of these birds hiivc been lined, or coated, with hairs, || which we suspect to have arisen from those of the Hairy Larvae attaching themselve.« to it. U I ■J 9 * Mr. Bai-ringtou wishes to set uside this fact, and endeavours to prove, that they remain here at all seasons.— F/ij7. Trans. (32. 299. ri04. t In the tirst year scarcely two are seen alike, the bars in some being; doubly numerous than in others; and in one sent to me by Mr. Boys, tlie ground colour was brownish lilue ; and not uiifrequently a bird is met with at the first coming in spring, in which the ferrugi- nous ground-colour of the first plumage is manifest on the upper parts. :}: The larviE of the Fox Moth (Phal. Rubi) has been found among others. § Small seeds. — Dr. Lamb. || See Berl. Neu, Schrijl. i. s. 1C6. Tiie same as is observed in the Carolina and Black-billed Species. Si Ml? CUCKOW. 2(;i The notes of both sexes are said by some to be alike, but by otliers that the female is a mute binl. Dr. Jeuner si »}• the uote, or cry, may be not unaptly compared with that of the Dobchick; Col. Montagu calls it a chattering noise. It has been remarked, that the note begins early in the season with tiie interval of a minor third ; the bird then proceeds to a major third, next to a fourth, then a fifth, after which his voice breaks, without ever attaininu: a minor til sixtn.v The egp: figured by Sepp is certainly not that of a Cuckow, beijiii' shaped like that of a Hawk, ami the size of a Jackdaw's, of a •;reenish white, s|)eckled with ))rown ; and not far Jlindoost. ii. p. 264. 2.-DUNMUN CUCKOW. Lc CoiK'ou vul^iiirc d'Afrique, Lcvuil, Afr, v. pi. 200, 201. Ciiculus gularis, G'ch. 7moI. ix. p. 83. pi. 17. LENGTH about eleven inches. Bill one inch, bent at the tip, pale, with the end dusky; throat whitish ; head, neck, breast, back, rump, and upper tail coverts fine blue grey; wing coverts the same, the rest of the wing pale brown ; between the two a broad bar of Bvf.y\. p. 354. II. t Lin, Trans, xiii. p. 179. If CUCKOW. 2(i3 back and wings dirty grey brown ; quills paler ; middle tail feathers marked with a «louble row of white spots; legs yellow. Inhabits Courland. Several other Varieties might be mentioned, but we trust that the above will suttice, esjiecially when it is considered how ditlV-rent the plumsigc of the young and a, Inhabits India ; named Behouraii. I observe in the drawings of Sir J. Anstnither, one, in which the head is pale ash-colour; chin white; the rest of the under parts rufous white, crossed with numerous lines, the colour of yellow-oker; back and wings dove-colour; bend of the w'ug white; on the outer part of the quills five round spots of white; tail crossed with tive bars, black above and white beneath ; but the latter occupying most space. In another the bill is black ; head, neck, and parts above much like our adult Cuckow, but rather darker ; beneath dusky white, crossed with irregular, pale, ash-coloured bars ; tail as in the others ; legs yellow. This is ]u*o]ial)ly the same as that known at Bengal by the name of Bhrou, which is described by Dr. Buchanan, as having the bill black above, and pale beneath ; tongue l)ifid; eyelids crenated, and yeliow; irides yellow; plumage in general the same as above; four black bands on the tail, each bordered below with reddish or pale rufous, the same at the tip, making five in all ; the tail near half the length of the bird ; the plumsige said to vary much in colour, probably at difierent [)eriods of age. Found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, but not common; builds in trees, and has a loud plaihtive cry. ! ■*. '1 t f • *■' , i r'j fifi i ■'' ' 1 5.— BYCHAN CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill pale, darker at the tip; round the eyes bare ; irides hazel ; head to below the eyes, neck, back, and wings dove-colour, not unlike our Common Cuckow ; wings darkest; head and rump palest; cpiills black, barred within, and spotted with black ; tail even, pale ash-colour, crossed with five bars of black ; that nearest the l)ase very narrow, and the end one very broad ; the rest equal, but all of them bounded below with white. |.i!l7 III : I if II CUCKOW. 267 the very tip pale rufous white ; cliin white ; breast and belly pule brownish red ; thighs crossed with several pale rufous bars ; the legs yellow. Inhabits India. — General Hardwicke. In another of the same size, the general colour above is rufous brown; margins of the feathers pale ; the forehead, and a patch over the eye, pale ash ; imder parts rufous white, marked with hite for more than an inch ; legs pale blue. M M '2 I m 'ifcP ■m I !:!1^:V V.'.i i ! I I • hi W i; l.'i ,11? m ^ if if i 268 CUCKOW. The name given to this last was Sirkeer. — In a drawing of another, from Oude, it was called M nkooke. Among the collection of drawings of Gen. Hardwicke is a bird of this kind. Bill the same ; upper parts of the plumage mostly pale brown, beneath pale rufous, with a dusky line down the shafts of the feather? ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers eight inches in length, and brown, the outmost five ; all of them white at the ends, the exterior for more than one inch and a half; legs blue. Inhabits India, called Siirkool, ami weighed three ounces six tlrachms and a half A male, called Sircea, at Cawnpore, in July, weighed four ounces eight drams. The last five have been described from the accurate drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, under whose inspec- tion they were copied from real specimens; of this fact we an certain, but have not been able to (Obtain any account of the manners, which wo\ild have been highly desirable. 8.— FERRUGINOUS-NECKED CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen or fourteen inches. Bill stout, bent at the end, yellow, with a bar of black near the tip; under mandilde orange red ; crown of the head, inclndl 'g the eyes, ash-colour; the rest of the head, neck, beginning of tfie back, ami wing coverts fine deep ferruginous, the feathers loose and downy; the rest of the bird black, glossed with purple; tail near seven inches long, and cunei- form, glossed in the same manner; the wings short, scarcely reaching beyond the base ; legs stout, black, claws curved. The description taken from n tine drawing in possession of Mr. Dent, but without name, or mention of the place whence it came. CUCivOW. 269 8 — PANAYAN CUCKOW. Cuculus radiatus, fnd. Orn. i. 214, Gm. Lin. i. 420. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 91, Coucou brun t't juunc u ventre laye, Buf. vi. 379. Son. Vuy. 120. t. 79. Panayaii Ciickow, Gen. Si/n. ii. 517. SIZE of tlie Coinmoii CiK'kow. Bill hhiek ; irides orange; the throat and sides of the head the colom- of red wine lees; upper part of the head blackish grey; back and wings dull brown black; under jiart of ihe quills, nearest the body, spotted with white; tail black, even at tne erul, barred and tipped with white; breast dull yellow; belly light yellow; breast and belly barred with black; the legs are reddish. Inhabits Panay, one of the Philippine Islands. \u 'rm\ '^ ,-M. !;; 9.— GREY-HEADED CUCKOW. Cuculus poliocep lalus, Ltd. Orn. i 214. (Jrey-lieadcfl Ciukow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. p. 102. LENGTH ten inches. Head and neck pale grey ; breast and belly white, crossed with pale grey bars ; wings deep ash-colour, some of the feathers with ferruginous edges; tail nearly even at the end, white, cn^ssed with ecpiidistant dusky bars; legs pale brown. Inhabits India; from the drawings of Lady Impey ; probal-lv a Variety of the Panayan Species, One, in the collection of Sir John Anstruther, was two inches longer. Bill pale blue, base and gape yellow; head and neck light grey; back and wings deep blue black ; belly dusky white, crossed with narrow, blackish stripes; upper and under tail coverts, and vent white; tail a trifle rounded at the end, two inches and a half long, colour white, crossed with six or seven black bars ; the leys yellow. ffr^i I. !■ w '^'M w JiC \fh if i: ! P i !': 'If If {Ji tit til 1 ¥}' 270 cucKow. 10.— SOLITARY CUCKOW. Le Coucou Solitaire, Levail. Afr.y. p. 35. pi. 206. Cuculus solitariiis, Solitary Cuckow, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 84. pi. 18. LENGTH near nine inches. Bill brown, yellowish beneath at the base; irides brown; plumage dusky brown, inclining to grev on the head and nape; back, wings, and tail brown; quills and tail darker, the last slightly cuneiform, the feathers with four or five white spots on the outer web, except the two middle ones, but all are white at the tip ; chin grey ; throat pale rufous, crossed with some dusky bars; breast, belly, and thighs pale rufous white, barred with dusky ; vent and under tail coverts plain rufous white. In the female, the under parts are rufous, barred with brown, and the marks on the tail smaller. Young birds are rufous brown above, and pale rufous beneatn, with bars of a deeper colour. M. Levaillant thinks this may be a young bird of the Cape Cuckow, and says, that the note of the male is rather plaintive, like the syllables Cou-a-ach, and that the female has no song; the male perches on the lower branches of trees, and utters his note repeatedly; it is a solitary species, as Mr. L. only met with one male and female, in a large district. 11.— MADAGASCAR CUCKOW. Cuculus cristatus, Ind. Orn. i. 212. Lin. i. 171. Gm. Lin. i. 420. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 118. Cuculus cristatus Madag. Bris. iv. 149. t. 12. 2. Id. 8vo. ii. 83. Gerin. t. 77. Coucou huppe de Madagascar, Coua, Buf. vi. 365. t. 10. PI. enl, 589. Le Coua, male, Lecail. Afr. v. 67. pi. 217. Madagascar crested Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 522, SIZE of a Jay ; length fourteen inches ; breadth seventeen. Bill one inch long, black ; tongue pointed, cartilaginous ; nostrils placed CUCKOW. 271 obliquely ; irides orange ; space round the eyes, and a little way behind them bare, wrinkled, aud blue; head, and upper parts of the Ijody, elegant ash-colour, inclining' to green ; feathers of the head long, forming a crest ; throat and neck before cinereous ; lower part of the latter, and breast vinaceous ; belly, sides, and under tail coverts rufous white ; thighs white, barred with light ash ; quills pale green, glossed with blue and violet, beneath cinereous ; tail as the quills, the two middle feathers the longest, the side ones tipped with white; legs black. The female is rather smaller, and the colours less bright. ..'nhabits Madagascar, and called Coua. Buflbn says, that th*- neck is short ; it carries the tail erect ; and the flesh good to eat ; frequents the woods about Fort Dauphin. M. Levaillant adds, that it is also found in some parts of India, and at Senegal, in Africa ; that the voice is loud, by no means plaintive, and hatches its own young in the holes of trees. I find a similar one among the drawings of Mr. Daniell, found at Ceylon, and there called Haudee-Kootah. il i im , ' * 12.— AFRICAN CUCKOW. Cuculus Afer, Lid. Orn.'i. 217. Gm. Lin.\. 418. Zool. Mist. pi. 31. ■ Madagascariensis major, Bris. iv. 1(M). t. 15. f. 1. Jd. 8vo. ii. p. 86. Bucco Afiicaiius, African Barbet, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 25. Le Vouroug-driou, Lcvail. Afr. v. 94- pi. 22G. Buf. vi. 395. Grand Coucou Male de Madagascar, PI. cnl. 587. Courol, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Ana/, p. Ixxiv. African Ciickow, Gen. Sipt. ii. 532. ^ il:' jl THIS is a stout bird, the size of a large Pigeon; length fifteen inches ; bill two inches long, blackish, and more strait than usual in this genus ; the head, which is large, the throat, and neck, cinereous ; crown blackish, glossed with green and copper ; from » *i:. I if . 111 272 CUCKOW. the bill to the eye, on each side, a slender black line ; irides orange ; back, rump, scapulars, upper wing and tail coverts, bright grey ; greater quills blackish ; the lesser dull green, with a fine green and copper gloss ; tail even, composed of twelve feathers, above (opper and green gold, beneath black ; legs yellowish reil. Cuculus Madagascariensis major, J5r«. iv. 162. t. 1">. f. 1, /rf. 8vo. ii. 8G. ft'inale, Fenielle du grand Coucou de Madag. PI. enl. 588. Buf. vi. 31)0. Gen, Si/n. ii, 532. 30. A. This is bigger than the male. Length seventeen inches and a half; bill two inches and three-quarters long, brown; irides orange; head, throat, and neck behind, transversely striped ])rown and rufous ; back and rump brown ; upper tail coverts, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, sides, and under tail coverts, pale rufous, with a blackish spot near the end of each feather ; thighs and under wiug coverts plain ; lesser wing coverts brown, tipped w ii', I • ' « I 13— CHINESE CUCKO\F. Cuculus Sinensis, /tit/. Orn. i. 217 I i„ \ t?i r- r- ■ »anl,ia de la Chine, J3»//,vi. 389. Chinese Cuckow, Gen. Syn.u. 530. 7V«^ Misc. pi. 077. LENCrrH thirteen incl. Bill near nn^ ;»«i, ■ .1. ■nandible be..t with bristles, . nedVorrd^i ides'.r toTji:' head white, marked with .small bl.ie spots- the rest Tfi ? a . tlnoat blaekish ; on each side of the tj^ behind ., t 'Tit wlnte spot; neck behind, back, scapulars, and upptrCilcrvert fi..ebU,e; on the latter a white spot, near the end of Jeh fe "Z greater w.ng coverts, farthest from the body, white; rump vet Se' hat h"". r'' "' *'" "•"'^ P"^*^ "''i*«' qnilLs half ,r and alt darker blue; tail deep blue, with a roundish white pot' ne" he end of each feather; the two middle ones exceed the nelt b ^u^rSeX"' '"■" "- -'- '^ -^ - '-- -- f.::^ ^^^.^, it-raSr-'^ "■'•'■ '" *"— °- VOL. III. -. N N !i:.i •'I -, 'III illl ! 'ii -'Hi 1 llil 1 is • M i£!ii)i Ml I 1' !>^ <* M 1 P 274 cucKOW. 14— BLUE CUCKOW. Cuculiis cneruleus, Ind. Orn. i. 217. Lin. i. 171. dm. Lin. i. 418. — — — Mudagascariensis cueruleus, Bris.'w. 156. t. 13. f. 1. Id. 8vo. ii. 85. G'enH. t. 78. Polopliilus coTuleus, Blue Cuckow, (ien. Zool.'ix. p. 50. Tuitsou, Coucou bleu tie Madagascar, Buf. vi. 391. t. 18. PI. enl. 295. 2. Le Coua, Taitsoue, Male, Levail. Afr. v. 09. ')1.218. Blue Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 531. SIZE of our Cuckow, but of a more elegant make; length .seventeen inches, Bill one inch and a quarter, black ; round the eye.s naked ; irides fine red ; plumage wholly fine blue, but the quills are glossed with green and violet, in different lights ; tail the length of the body, blue, with a violet gloss ; the two middle feathers exceed the others but very little ; legs black. The female diflfers in being rather smaller, and the colours less vivid.— The young, before the first moult, are blue green, without any gloss of violet. Inhabits Madagascar; found also in the great forests of the Caffre Country, in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope ; chiefly seen on the tops of large trees ; the male has a kind of cooing note, not unlike Courrr, repeated, by which it is often discovered ; feeds on fruits. Although M. Levaillant has not positively seen them in tlie act of hatching their eggs, yet he is certain they do, from that part of the belly, usually bare in sitting birds, being so in this Species. 15.-METALLIC CUCKOW. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill and irides orange ; top of the head, back, wings, and tail deep purplish black, Avith a metallic <« CUCKOW 27.'> gloss; neck, and under parts dark asli-rolour; tail five inches and a lialf long, cuneiform, with a gloss of blue in some lights; <|uills dusky, reaching almost one-fourth on the tail ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Sierra Leona. — From 3Ir. Woodford's drawings. i 'f 'ii 16.— SACRED CUCKOW. Cuculu* honoratus, //id. Orn. i. 214. Lv; body above very deep brown ; spotted with rufous yellow; ! l^'^'K '•■«•■■ i 4vr v.. ror,. III. O o mi m m , I V's'.i If '"••■■'Ml 1 ; j i if ^ i !■; i^ t m 4 if ijiljl I' (• 11 11 !' 282 CUCKOW. these spots are oblong on the head, round the neck, and wing coverts; but on the quills transverse, and yellowish, intermixed with black dots ; throat black, spotted as the back ; breast and belly pale rufous, transversely striped with black ; tail long, even at the end, rufous yellow, barred with black ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits the Isle of Panay. It may be observed, that although similar to the last, it differs in wanting the rufous mark under the eyes, and the tail not being cuneiform ; otherwise not unlike, both in figure and description. 26.-^EASTERN BLACK CUCKOW. Cuculus Orientalis, Ind. Orn.i. 210. Lin.i. 108. Gm.Lin.i. 410. Gen.Zool.ix. p. 87. Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 178. male. Cuculus Indicusniger, Bris. \v. 142. t. 10. f.l. /P 4' ■!■ • hi']'' i m 288 CUCKOW. iorining a crest; plumage in general black, except the base of the first four or five quills, which are white, and form a serrated spot on the outer edge of the wing ; tail cuneifonn, the two middle feathers sevt^n inches long, the outmost only four and a half; thigh feathers long, hanging a good way over the legs, which are black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; in some the tail is shorter than in others, pehaps owing to sex or age. i if » It- \m ■I. ' 30— COROMANDEL CRESTED CUCKOW. Cuculus meliinoleucos, Ind. Orn. i. *2U. G/;i. Lin. i. 41G. (ien, Zool. w. pi. 23. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxiii. Jacobin Inippe de Coioinandel, Biif. vi. 380. PI. enl. 872. Le Coucou Edolio, Levail. Afr. v. p. 39. pi. 207, 208. Coroinaiidel crested Cuckow, (icn. Syn. ii. 520. LENGTH eleven inches. Kill black ; head crested ; upper parts of the body black, the under hite ; on the edge of the wing a spot of white; tail cuneiform, tipp«d with white ; wings reach half way thereon ; legs brown. Inhabits the coast of Coromandel ; and known, with others, under the name of Coukeel ; I observe that the head is crested at the back part only, and in one bird both upper and under tail coverts are white; the quills in some are brown, in others black; called on the coast, Papia or Pewa ; at Hindustan, Papuea or Popheya : said to lay the eggs in the nest of the Chottoreah Thrush,* they are plain greenish in <^olour ; and the Cuckow said generally to destroy those of the Thrush, when it deposits its own : comes in May, and remains till the rainy season is over : lives on Grasshoppers, white Ants, &c. I observe one in which the white passes on each side of the neck almost to the back part. • Turdus Canorus, or Crying Thrush. V' m CUCKOW. 289 According to M. Levaillant, these two last iUscribed are male and female ; and he adds, that the young birds of both sexes have the throat, and fore part of the neck dirty white, the rest of the under parts greyish ; ends of the tail feathers dirty rufous, and those parts which in the adult are black, in young birds are brown ; but the spot of the wing is seen at all ages. Mr. L. states, that although the general appearances are as above, he once found the external plumage of a male ; but on dissection, was surprised to find an e^g ready to be excluded ; and hence seems to think, that an old female, as in some other birds, may take on tlie dress of a male. The eggs are pure white, six lines long, by foui- broad, and narrow at one end; these have been found in various nests, and among others those of our Rufous-crowned and Citrin Warblers. The bird is met with about Roude Bosch, Niuwe land, Constance, and in the valley which separates False from Table Bay, as well as in other parts; is migratory, coming in August, and departing in February and March. M. Levaillant found an egg, supposed to be of this bird, in several of the nests of the Great-tailed Warbler, which are made of down, oval in shape, with an entrance two-thirds from the bottom; and wonders how it could get there ; in respect to those found in the nest of the Rufous-crowned Warbler, he observes, that the egg is of twice the size of that of the bird in whose nest it is deposited. — M. Temminck joins this to the last described, as one and the same species. The late Mr. S. Daniells met with this species in Ceylon. I I I VOL. III. P r '^i^^^ I'! ' '.. ■; wr 290 CUCKOW. 37 —BLACK AND WHITE CRESTED CUCKOW. r- !! ' If ' r Ij 1:: I? m ^ i Vtiriete » m ■ ,4l r-lifi * N I ^ 294 CUCKOW. M . Levaillant killed these on the borders of the Riviere des Poissons, beyond the country of the great Namaqna, and supposes tlie Species to be new. A similar one, brouglit from Bengal, is in the collection of M. Raye de Rreukelerwaerd, of Amsterdam. 43.— BRONZED CUCKOW. Lc Coucou gris hronzt-, Levuil. Jj'r. v. (iO. pi. 215. SIZE of our European Cuckow, but of a more slender make. '^I'he bill broa«l at the base, the upper mandible curves downwards at the point, and the inner shuts in beneath it, <'olour yellow ; the plumage in general deep green bronze, very bright, and changing into both blue and grey, in ditferent lights ; but on the wings and tiiil the blue predominates ; on the contrary, on the mider parts, fi«»m the chin, it is grey, lightly tinged with green; the tail is half the length of the bird, cuneiform, the two middle feathers four iu'hes and n half long, the outer about three inches; legs black. Said to inhabit Malindia^ in Africa. iVl. Levaillant has only seen a stutfed specimen, in the collection of IVf. Tennninck, of Amsterdam. 44.— GILDED CUCKOW. Cuculus anratus, Itid. Orn.'i, lib. Cm. Lin. i. 421 ^al. Misc. 1029. Ceii. Zoul. i\, p. 127. Coucou yert dorc et blain; . Id. 8vo.) i. 2^34. Le Coucou Didrii', male et fern, Levail. Afr. v. 40. pi. 210, 211. Gilded Cuckow, lien. Syn. \\. 527. Id. Sup. ii. 135. LENGTH seven inches and a half Bill seven or eight lines, greenish brown ; iridcs orange; plumage above, from head to tail, CUCKOW. 295 rich gilded glossy green ; on the head five white stripes ; one on the middle of the forehead, and two others above the eyes, like eyebrows, passing behind, and two more, narrower and shorter, beneath the eyes; most of the wing coverts, and second quills tipped with white, the outer one spotted white on the outer edge ; throat, and under parts of the body, white ; the sides, and feathers which fall over the joint, marked with a few greenish bars ; tail cuneiform, three inches long, the two outer feathers marked with small white spots on the outer edge, and all of them white just at the tips; in its natural state the tail is generally spread out like a fan, and reaches about one inch and cpiarter beyond the wings when closed ; legs yellow. The female is much the same in size, but differs in having the whiteon the throat and breast tinged with rufous, as also on the wings and tail ; and in every part where the male is green-gold, the otlier sex is reddish gold-colour, and the stripes on the head not so well defined. In young birds the stripes are scarcely perceivable ; the upper parts of the body gilded brown, beneath greyisli rufous white; and all the spots of the wings and tail rufous chestnut. Bill and legs yellow brown ; eyelids yellow; irides grey brown. Inhabits the parts far inland from the Cape of Good lIo[)e: first met with on the borders of Klyne VisRivier, from thence to Caffre Lan. Ixxiii. SIZE of the Gilded Species, but the bill less curved, and smaller, colour brown black ; irides yellow ; general colour of the plumage above bright green, with the tinge of copper ; over the eye, and behind, an irregular longish streak of white, and a patch of the same at the junction of the wing with the body ; all the under parts, from chin to vent, white, except a few marks of green on the sides, over the thighs, and some others of the same on the thigh feathers ; greater quills dusky, spotted beneath with white, and bordered outwardly with gilded green ; the tail is much rounded at the end, and occupies less breadth than in the Gilded Species, from the webs • :.'W? I CUCKOW. 297 of tlie feathers being narrower ; the fonr middle ones are green, witli a reddish or coppery tinge ; the three outer wliite, with an oblong copper gold spot on the outer web, near tlie end, and on the inner webs some trjinsverse distant lines ; the wings are shorter in proportion than in the Gilded Cuckow ; legs brown black. The above l)ird was a male, and killed by Klaas, the attendant, on M. Levaillant, near the River Platte, but not more than one met with ; it had a different kind of note from the Gilded Species. M . Levaillant observed a second specimen in the Jardin ties Plantes, in Paris, which came from Senegal. 1,1.1 .*)! rtl »^':. '3 ■m 1^ ■ 'I 46.-GORGEOUS CUCKOW. LENGTH seven inches and a half Bill three <|uarters of an inch, brown, bent, with the point sharp ; pbimaire abov» fine rich gilded green, with a ghiss of <'opper; forehead, and betbn the eye, white, with a streak or two of black ; behind the eye one of whitt-, tending in a |)oint; all beneath, from chin to vent, white, with 1i«-to and there a dusky marking on the nerk and sides of the b»>dy ; nneker the wings some transverse, rufous-brown ones ; down the middle of the wing a long white streak, crossed with rufous browi bnt s : the quills l)lue or green, in different lights, the outer one s|w>tted white on the outer edge, one-third from the base; tail cuneiti>rm, blue ^reen, the oikter feathers spotted with white, on the outer margms ; leirs brown. Des 'i<:ii k ■t;-»'iS ^OL. III. W Q m 29^ cucKOw. 47._CUPREOUS CUCKOW. Cuculus cupreus, Ind. Om. Sup, xxix. Lev, Mus. pi. p. 159. Gen. Zool, ix. p. 129. Tern. Mail. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxiii. Cupreous Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 134. THIS is nearly the size of a Lark, but longer, and more delicate. Bill black ; head, neck, and upper parts of the body bright copper- colour, with a metallic splendour, being glossed with gold, and a red tinge of copper; the feathers of a rounded shape, and so disposed, as to resemble scales; belly and thighs of a beautiful jonquil yellow ; tail slightly cuneiform, one or two of the exterior feathers marked at the tip with a triangular spot of white; the legs •^re black. The above was in the Leverian Museum, supposed to come from Africa. One of these, in Mr. Dent's drawings, was seven inches anc' a half in length; tail nearly even. 48.— AFRICAN GREEN CUCKOW LENGTH ten inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, curved, and blackish ; general colour of the head, neck, wings, the rest of the upper parts, and tail, fine gilded green ; the breast, and all beii^^iHi fine jonquil yellow, growiug paler towards the vent ; tail greatly curieiforrri, the two middle feathers wholly gilded green, and ending in a point ; tli<' next one inch and a half shorter, with the tip white, and rounded; the exterior two inches and a half, barred jihernate green and white, four bars in all, with the ends white ; the ntliers intermediate, with much the same markings ; the legs pale ash-colour. InliabitM Senegul. — In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. m :\ . ' ik i PILM ■^;i ^/// /// //r/ ( f/t/u h ' m t i ; ^ Sri ^ 1'-. . Is- -SriJMNt, «'X^? ^; ^?>.' -.p? :'>f!^ li • .', '.I'tU ',-1. !(j..l. " ■ Hh (,-/.. y.„i.: ., I .;i> . .. fc, ,. , V'iV-, nS:i' ..)- Aor-- U' ><-?%. :^' ,v;;. ii*» .? ^. fj- miuIh- tail c<>V'.m< Aith.^ i , Jnh r'.4 in\> i:\A-Ki ifJMMJU'.' t 0<1' ». brown, tc<»:»s4Vfi ,, v t.'S J I ,• '» ;••»;!; vv; vv^ f v.- .1 ) . I ■ H ni'f •;■! «Ml' •-«;'*■: 't. on ■A^ i-'-^.j* jr • w- s^iark S t(i'» * > 1 '• - >» 'W* . » » ■ < ■« 1 ;ji ;■■■ ^hr " ',;•:'■ ' 1 ♦■ •/<»i< IU« h': i' .'.. 'vijf^ terf ■ ^? 5i.<, il '%»^ ■.*■•" 0» {? W\\ n ,''!* ';♦!■ i*: ( ■ ( t ' ! ' f n- . i^i^.r- ^r .■•Uff imUX^* ',<(l/ // / u fM" CUCKOW. 299 49— SHINING CUCKOW.— Pl. lvi. M Cuculus lucUlus, Ind. Orn. i. 215. Geii. Zool. ix. p. 120. pl. 20. Shiniiit,' Cuckow, Cien, Si/n. ii. 528. pl. 23. Cook'ii last Voy. i. 150. SIZE of a small Thrush ; length seven inches. Bill bluish ; irides hazel ; upper part of the body rich gilded green, the under white, transversely craved with green gold ; under tail coverts almost white; (juills and tail dusky brown ; the last short, scarcely exceeding the wings in length ; legs bluish. Tidiabits New Zealand, there called Poopo-arovvro ; and is a very scarce species. 50.— SPLENDID CUCKOW. LENGTH six inches and a halt". Bill black, a little curved ; plumage above glossy olive-brown ; beneath to the breast brown and dusky white in waves, mixed with streaks on the chin and throat ; belly and vent white, barred with glossy pale brown ; greater quills brown, fringed with dusky white ; tail rounded, the two middle feathers glossy oli\e-brown, the others pale ferruginous on the outer webs, f> M. :ri,M m ? IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ,^. 1.0 1.1 1.25 128 |2.5 HUI 2.2 U 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation ;'.3 WEST (t*i»IN sTueeT WEBSTER, N.'t. H580 (7n) 87i-^'<503 ¥ i ■I ."J i ^ 300 CUCKOW. 61.— GLOSSY CUCKOW. Cuculus plagosus, Lid. Orn. Sup. xxxi. Glossy Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 138. ■ i- , ^ ! i|'^ LENGTH seven inches. Bill rather broad at the base, three quarters of an inch long, curved, black; nostrils round; irides white; plumage in general above glossy gilded green, inclining on the crown to coppery brown ; all beneath white, barred with dusky gilded brown ; each feather having a bar half an inch broad near the end, appearing most numerous on the chin and throat, though less distinct ; quills dusky, the first two-thirds as long as the second, the third longest of all ; tail rounded, brown, near the end a broad dusky bar; at the tips of the feathers a round white spot ; besides which the exterior one is spotted white on the outer margin, with some rufous markings on the inner, and the white spot at the tip much larger; and in addition, there are two spots of white on the inner web about the middle, which is black halfway from the base ; legs of a moderate size, brown ; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. Inhabits Nev^ -Holland, described from a fine specimen in the collection of the late M. de Fichtel; also in that of Mr. H. Brogden. In another specimen, all the feathers above had a marginal frrige of pale rufous, and the green less vivid ; under tail coverts white, with three or four lucid brown spots; the outer tail feathers black within, with four white spots, and a white tip ; the next rufous half way from the base, the rest of the length dusky, with two spots of white on the iinier webs, near the end ; the third rufous half way on the outer web ; from thence to the end dusky, and only one white spot, smaller ; the four middle ones plain dusky, but all of them have a greenish gloss, and excepting the exterior, have a dusky spot of black near the end. One greatly similar to the last in the collection of Lord Stanley. CUCKOW. 301 52— METALLINE CUCKOW. i'' i ' j THE length of this beautiful little Cuckow is only five inches and a half. Bill flesh-colour; plumage above fine gilded, bronzed brown, obscurely mixed and barred with gilded green ; over the eye, from the nostrils, a white streak, and in the direction of the under jaw, another; on the middle of the wing a patch of white, from some of the feathers being white on the outer webs ; quills brown, barred within with rufous; tail short, glossy, greenish brown, the outer feather with two or three white spots on both webs, and tlie next the same on the inner web and tip, the third on the inner only; the wings reach nearly to the end of the tail ; chin dusky white, dashed with gilded brown ; belly and under wing coverts whitish, spotted, and barred with the same; legs brown. Inhabits Africa.— In the collection of Mr. Bullock. t m i¥1 f. au*. ill J) 53.— NOISY CUCKOW. Cuculus clamosus, Lid. Orn. Sup. p. xxx. Gen. Zoo/., ix. p. 108. Criard, Soti. Voy. Ed. 8vo. ii. p. G. Le Coucou Criard, Lemil. Afr. v. p. 28, pi. 204. 205. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxiif. Noisy Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 13G. THIS is said to be wholly of a brown colour, but M. Levaillant describes it fully. Length nine inches and a half. Bill dusky black, pale at the base, with a slight notch at the tip; irides chestnut; general colour of the plumage fine blue black; greater quills deep brown ; tail cuneiform, black, the feathers tipped with white ; the quills reach about halfway on the tail ; the thigh feathers hang over the bend of the joint ; legs pale brown. ,vii^. If 1 302 CUCKOW. t !il ; 'M % The female, and young male are glossy blue-black above, but barred beneath dusky and dull buff-colour; quills and tail as in the male. This species is found in great abundance in the country of the Caffres, and in the interior towards Sondag, Swarte-kop, and all Camdeboo, but not in the neighbourhood of the Cape, nor in the country of Hottniqua, where indeed no species of Cuckow has been found. It is said, that this kind lays the eggs in the nests of the Pine pine Titmouse, and Great-tailed Warbler ; and it seems difficult on this occasion, to conceive how they could be introduced, except it were possible for the bird to take the e^g first in its mouth, and then put it into the hole left on the side of the nest, the only entrance. It is known to the Europeans by the name of Criard, being a very noisy species, and to be heard at a great distance. The note consists of various sounds, very distinct, and it passes whole hours in singing without interruption, leading the sportsman to the place where it is sitting. — M. Levaillant observed an e^^ of one of these in the nest of theGrivetin,*^ but found it cast out again, and it is there- fore plain, that eggs laid by Cuckows in other bird's nests, are not always taken care of. 54.— CAPE CUCKOW. Cuculus Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 208. Gm. Lin, i. 410. Gen, Zool. ix. p. 85. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxiii. Coucou du Cap de B. Esperance, Buf. vi. 353. PL enl. 3i/0. Cape Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 513. THIS is rather smaller than the European Cuckow ; length not quite eleven inches. Bill deep brown ; irides yellow ; plumage above -greenish brown ; throat, cheeks, neck before, and upper wing coverts * Levail. Afr. iii. 80. pi. US.— Our Piping Warbler. CUCKOW. 30J deep rufous; tail the same, but paler, tipped with white, cuneiform ; breast, and all beneath white, crossed with lines of black; legs reddish brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, with the former, of which it is probably a Variety, if not a young bird, or a female. 55. -YELLOW-BELLIED CUCKOW. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 107. Lin. Cuculus flavus, Ind. Orn, i. 215. Gm. Lin. i. 421 Trans, xiii. p. 179. Le petit Coucou A tete grise, et ventre jaune, Buf. vi. 382. Coucou petit de Panay, Son. Voy. 122. t. 81. PI. enl. 814. Yellow-bellied Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 527. LENGTH eight inches. Bill pale yellow, point black ; upper part of the head, and throat light grey; irides yellow ; neck behind, back and wings, umber-colour, or light brown ; belly, thighs, and under tail coverts pale yellow, with a rufous tinge ; tail cuneiform, more than half the length of the bird, black, barred with white; legs pale yellow. Inhabits the Isle of Panay ; also Java ; known there by the name of Gedasse. ^!;. 56.— PARADISE CUCKOW. Cuculus Paradiseus, Ind. Orn. i. 216. Gm. Lin. i. 422. Siamensis cristatus viridis, Dris.'iv. 151. 1. 14. A. f. 1. //<' . JtyHjU^i'-, \ ■■. iij-llr^.j.! ?h-. i*..v'.l WiiMT I ,•><„ ir. V dirti- -.^ ;/i N..X .>raw. ui:lrsv,.r. iuiuj-r «i^^i•^. .vttv,, ,, '' ! >• '^1 . :;'> t I'll »', '■ •' i.;,^" '('••(v. >- r Wi.i.u ^ , .<». .• ■•■ ■•v /,•;//. (In; '■^i/' ; .i ,, -^i-,,^. i iif;;s']j .I'm! < ;.< ;:'- ;,»,.,( • , , . -'i\'-'<. »r*i(. hrt%K..t M,. -..Hi..- -. "i ,;,,,,. .' \v;i>??r«; V h- !., -lu'.-^ .1 A, 1::. lit ' ii''!!, yi)!_, !)?. v^r 'i I- ■■,■■■»;,■ 'J* • H, it ■'■ r; ' m ^ ■■''■■,. r ■''■;| i , , , ! ♦■ 1 ^ I ' ■f ^r 1 ;■•)!'. •s.. .-3t ■'^, Wk, /'-//^ /v;//i //; /yf ( // CUCKOW. 30^3 Inhabits New-Holland, and seems to vary from the other in the length of the tail, and want of gloss in the plumage; perhaps d.trenng m sex or age, nnless on future investigation, it may prove a uistmct species. 58.--FAN-TAILED CUCKOW— Pl. lvii. Cuculus flubcllifonnis, Inil. On,. Sup. xxx. Cen. Zool. ix. p. 90. Fun-tailed Cuckow, (.'tii. Si/n. Sitp.u. 13S. pi. 120. SIZE of a Song Thrush ; length ten inches, the tail occupy ing at least one-third. The bill black, somewhat bent at the tip;' the upper parts of the body dusky black, coming forwards on the breast and encnclmg it as a crescent ; cheeks and throat ferruginous hurt"- sides of the breast the same, but the middle of it, mid the belly pale oker yellow ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers black the others the same on the outer webs, barred on the inner with alternate black and white; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle; legs yellow. Inhabits New-Holland. 39.— SOCIETY CUCKOW. Cuculus Taitensis, Ind. Orn. i. 209. Mus. Carls. Fasc. ii. t. 32. Gm. Lin. i. 41o Geii. Zoo/.'ix. p. 92. Ara Weraroa, Cook. Voy.\y. 272. Id. last Voy. i. 150. 220. 333. Coucou biun varie de noir, Buf. vi. 370. Society Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 514. SOMEWHAT smaller than a Magpie ; length nineteen inches. m\ one inch and a quarter long, stout, and a trifle curved at the point, colour blackish, paler beneath ; irides pale yellow ; plumage '■t'lj '\'[ flu. 3. ,1 „ m ' m VOL. III. Rr '■*f W» :im CITCKOW. i;^ 'ii on the upper jjarts of the body brown ; the head dashed with ferrnjtfiiions, perpendicuhtr stripes; the rest barred, and bh)t.'hed with the same; the middle of the feathers of the neek darkest ; over tlie eye a white streak, and a dasli of tlie same alou/:;; tiie under jaw, arisinii^ at the nostrils; <|uills marked with ferruginous spots; chin, and middle of the throat white; sides of the neck, the breast, belly, and thighs white, streaked with brown ; the streaks broadest on the breast and belly; \ent [)lain white; under tail coverts pale butt*; the upper as the back, reaching one-third on the tail, which is nine inches long, and greatly cuneiform ; all the feathers of it crossed with numerous, ferruginous brown bars, and tipped with white; the wings, when closed, reach on it one-third ; legs greenish. Tnhabits Otaheite, where it is called Areva-reva; also found at Harvey Isle,* and I'ongo taboo, where it is called Tayarabbo ; it is likewise seen at New-Zealand .f In one of these we observed the tail feathers to be remarkably worn bare, so as to leave the shafts at the ends almost destitute ; the streak over the eye, and that along the under jaw less visible: probably this may differ in sex. m 60— SPOTTED-TAILED CUCKOW. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill black, one inch long, bent; nostrils in the middle, to which the feathers reach ; the plumage brownish black, mottled on the outer webs witli greyish aid light rufous, in narrow patches : crown and nape black brown, mottled with greyish white, or pale rufous ; behind the eye a greyish white band, one inch long, and a quarter of an inch broad ; general colour of the under parts, from the chin, pale rufous ; under the eye, and sides of the neck, to the wing, grey, rufous, and brown-black * Cook's last Voy. i. 220, Id. 33. t Id. 150. CUCKOW. 307 mottled; under wing coverts dun-colour; tliighs pale rut'ous, the feathv^rs very long, nearly hiding the legs; prime rpiills notched dirty white, in narrow spots ; pinion white; tail coverts reaching lialf way on the tail, grey, waved with black ; tail cuneiform, seven inches long, blackish, marked with crescents, in shape of dull wliite spt»ts on the inner webs, but the outer feather, which is about four inches long, has nearly round white spots on the outer web; the tips of all approaching to white. Inhabits Van Diemen's Land.— In the collection of Gen. Davies. h (i\.—Tivrr:r cuckow. Cuciilus palliolatus, I,ul. Oru. Svp. \\\. Cen, Zool. i.v, j). II'2. Tippet Cuckow, Cen. Si/n. Sup, ii. 13S. LENGTH near twelve inches. Bill brown, rather stout, and a trifle curved at the point; irides orange; upper parts of the body dull green, the under white; crown full of feathers, and as far as the eye, on each side, black ; on the sides of the neck tlie black comes forwards, and almost meets in the middle, giving the appearance of a cloak or tippet; sides, under the wings, yellowish ; thighs marked with a few rusty spots; quills black; tail very short, the outer margins of the feathers marked with white spots ; legs dusky, bluish white, dotted with black. Inhabits New-Holland, where it is a rare bird. I,: i t" ■ ■ I r- mi I J** hi '.'' 62.— SPOTTED-BREASTED CUCKOW. LENGTH seven inches. Bill somewliat stout, pale brown : the plumage in general pale brown, or ash-colour on the upper parts, R R '2 hi .ym 308 CUCKOW. ■t i'- \-l and pale, approaching to white, beneath ; on the crown of the head the feathers are margined with white, appearing as a mixture of brown and white ; chin, throat, and breast marked with triangular blackish, or dusky dashes Ti iwn the middle of each feather, growing larger as they approach the breast; the belly, thighs, and vent dusky ; tail the same, the outer feathers white ; the legs are short, pale brown. Another, of the same size, appears to be the female ; in this the ground colours, above and beneath, are nearly the same, but the crown has no mixture of white, and the under parts are plain dusky white, except an irregular set of spots, nearly black, on the chin and throat; the tail has the two middle feathers brown, the others white, or at least so on the outer web, growing dusky at the end. These were among the drawing's of Mr. Woodford, and as the toes in both are placed two and two, they ought to be ranked among the Cuckows, otherwise they have much the air and appearance of Thrushes. G3.— FLINDERS CUCKOW. I i LENGTH about fifteen inches. Bill stout, and horn-coloured : crown of the head dusky black ; over the eye a broad streak of buff- <'olour; behind the eye a streak of black, reaching to the wing; under parts of the body pale buff, marked with narrow, irregular l)ands, or lines of black; at the beginning of the back a patch of blaok, somewhat mixed ; wings mixed with blackish and buff-colour; tail long, (nmeiform, brown, markttl with curved buff, or tawny crescents on each side of the shafts ; legs horn-colour. A second of these, supposed to be a female, or yonng bird, had neither the crown, nor beginning of the back black, but of a brownish colour ; and the tail shorter than the other. cncKow. 300 Can^'pf !^ *•" f''""' ^'^'' "'' New-Holland ; met with there by MiHeufn "■'• ^""^ '"^"^^ °" •««=»^«0'-In Mr. Bullock^ length 1':^^^'"'!' '" ""' ^"'"' '" *''^ "'x'^*' *<■ "ot the same; length one foot. In this the bill is stout, bent at the tip ; top of the bZatdbr "*'/'•, "" ''"""''''' "'•""»«« in general aW; snTnr > f' "•'•:«"'»^'y barred; qniUs the same, furnished with ,arbr.tr I "" ^' *"""""'• """"S'"^' ^'"'"t fifteen in all; neck plan. Ihe tad consists of ten feathers, cuneiform, the outer two mches shorter than the two middle ones, pale bnff, marked Zh some narrow pale bars of brown; legs brown stout. Inhabits New South Wales; called the Spotted Cuckow 11 '' k 64.— PORT JACKSON CUCKOW. LENGTH tburteeu inches. Bill one inch and a quarter Ion- .nodetately curved, brown; plumage above brown, beneatl ve"; pale ash; through the eye a pale brown streak; cp, lis dusky .1^ hrs half the ength of the second, but the third Ih long wit, a barred with white, except about one inch and a half from Up, tail cuneitorin, nine in.hes long, the outer feather only four .neliesand a hah, all of them marked on each web with triano,da white dots, and the tips white; on the outer edge of the wing oC a spot of white; le^rs brown. ® ^"veits Inhabits Jack.son. New-Holland ; said to have been met about F 'ort M$ ';'l 310 CUCKOW. 65.— BARRED-TAILED CUCKOW. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill pale, moderately bent, but more so at the tip ; plumage above dark ash-colour ; beneath, and under wing coverts pale rufous ; quills dusky, formed as in the last described, the first being very short, base of them within white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches and a half long, the exterior only three and a half, colour black ; the feathers, on both sides of the webs, indented with white, appearing as bars. Inhabits New-Holland. — The two last in the possession of M. de Fichtel. It appears that they vary in size, as well as feathers. One, scarcely more than nine inches, had a black bill ; above ash-colour, the feathers with brown ends ; beneath, and under wing coverts cinereous, and reddish bulf, in obsolete waves ; vent plain ; quills dusky, some way from the base white; the first from its insertion two inches long ; the second shorter by three quarters of an inch ; the third near four inches long ; the rest as usual ; tail pale rufous white, crossed with ten or twelve oblique dusky bars, at the end a broader one ; the two middle feathers plain dusky, serrated on the edges; the quills reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs weak, the feathers hanging a good way on the shins before. Inhabits New-Holland, and is probably a young bird of the Barred-tailed. 66.— BLUE-HEADED CUCKOW. Cuculus cyaiiocephalus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xxx. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 110. Blue-headed Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. Sup,\'i. 137. i > .:,': SIZE uncertain ; length nine inches. Bill somewhat bent, and pale blue ; the upper part of the head, taking in the eyes, the sides. CUCKOW. 311 and back part of the neck, deep blue, inclining to blackish ; the res of the upper parts pale brown, dotted on the back with white and crossed with narrow bars of the same on the wings and tail! winch last IS long, and a little rounded at the end ; the under parts ot the body are white, transversely marked with narrow dusky lines • the throat and fore part of the neck incline to orange; legs bluish' stout, and scaly. Inhabits New South Wales, but is probably scarce, as Mr. White niet with only one of this description ; but at the same time another, ot a simdar form and size, and of glossy black colour, was taken, and It was supposed that the two differed only in sex ■■;»«. 67.— PACIFIC CUCKOW. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch long from the gape the colour pale brown ; nostrils five-eighths from the tip ; general colour of the plumage brown above, mottled with pale ferruginous from each feather being margined irregularly, on both webs, with that colour; quills brown, dotted on the outer webs with pale ferruginous and barred on the inner with white : lower part of the back pale' streaked with brown ; breast and belly white, the first streaked with dusky brown ; tail cuneiform, six inches long, the outer feather only tour; colour brown, margins dotted with white, tips white; the le-s pale brown. * Inhabits New-Holland, and described from a specimen in the collection of JVI. de Fichtel. ■i^;•' ';> i, ' ■! 1-3 •* ■ M:' lii ••ii ¥ f 312 CUCKOW. GS.'-HORNED CUCKOW. Cuculus cornutus, Ind. Orn.\. 216. Lin.i. 171. Gm. Lin. u 422. Bris.iv 145. Id. 8vo.\\. 82. Gen. Zool. \x. p. 121. Atinga guacu mucu, Rail 105. 2. Jf/V/. 146. t. 38. Id. Engl. 198, Bw/. vi. 409. Horned Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. ii. 530. SIZE of a Thrush ; length twelve inches. Bill a little bent at the end, and greenish yellow ; irides sanguineous ; head, and all above soot-coloured; on the head the feathers are long, forming a double crest, resembling horns, which the bird can erect at will ; throat, neck before, breast, belly, and under tail coverts cinereous ; t|uills and tail soot-colour, the latter darker, composed often feathers, nine inches in length, and tipped with white ; the outer ones very short; legs ash-coloured, covered before halfway with feathers. Inhabits Brazil. 69.— SHARP-CRESTED CUCKOW. ^j? LENGTH twelve inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, much bent ; head, level with the gape, deep green, the feathers rising above the crown into a crest an inch long, lessening by degrees behind, and ending in white; under parts of the body, from the chin white, passing round the neck as a collar, but the belly, thighs, and vent incline to ash-colour ; sides of the neck yellow ; back, scapulars, and tail greenish black; wings tawny; quills blue black within, with a mix- ture of white, forming a streak near the scapulars ; tail cuneiform, six inches in length, the outer feathers four inches, colour greenish l)lack ; all the feathers tipped with white ; the wings reach about one-fourth on the tail ; legs ash-colour. From the drawings of Mr. Woodford, it seems to approach much to the Horned Cuckow, or between that and the Collared Species. .4iK CUCKOW. 313 70.— LONG-BILLED RAIN CUCKOW. Gm. Lin. i. 410. Borowsk. ii. 129, Klein. Av. Cuculus Vetula, Ind. Om. i. 218. Lin. i. 169 Gen. Zool. ix. p. 122, Cuculus Jamaic. longiroster, Bris. \v. 116, t. 17. f. 1. Id. 8vo ii 74 31. 8. Gerin. t. 79. Coucou a long bee, Tacco, Buf. vi. 402, PI. enl. 772, Coua, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal, p, Ixxiii. Picus, seu Pluvia; avis canescens, Rati 182. Sloan. Jam. 313, t, 258 f. 2 Long-billed Rain Cuckow, Gen. Si/n. ii. 535. Id. Sup. ii, 135. LENGTH fifteen inches or more. Bill one inch and a half, moderately strait, but bent at the tip ; upper mandible black the' lower whitish ; crown of the head brown, the feathers soft and silky upper parts of the body and the quills cinereous olive ; throat and neck before whitish; the rest of the under parts rufous; tail much cuneated ; the two middle feathers cinereous olive, the others dusky black, tipped with white, the outer feather very short ; lees blue- black. ' Inhabits Jamaica, found in the woods, and hed-es throughout the year; feeds on seeds, small worms, and caterpillars, and is very familiar. Sloane mentions, that he found, on dissection, the stomach of a great size in respect to that of the bird, which circumstance is also observed in the European Cuckow. It has gained the name of Tacco, from its cry, the syllable pronounced hardly; the other a full octave lower. It has also another cry like qua qua qua, when alarmed. It will eat Lizards, small snakes, frogs, young rats, and sometimes small birds, as well as insects ; the snakes it swallows head foremost, letting the tail hang out of the mouth, till the fore parts are digested; is easily tamed, and so gentle as to suffer the Negro children to catch it with their hands ; the gait is leaping, like iMagpie, frequently being seen on the ground, and its flight but short, chiefly from bush to bush ; at the time when other birds breed, they retire also into the woods, for the same purpose; I learn from YOL. III. s g : '4 ■.:i;l. (r, -I w : i if'' '4 1- ■"'! '! ■l-'l ■ •■« iy',' 1 mi HI i*!l'!;:| ; 1 HB ■'-•:■ i9 M ■ ,'•» .'i "^4 M 1 \ A ' 11 f m * 1 ■ ■ ■■ . J- [, , V 3 i' ' 1 * Mlill^ 1 i 1 1 1 • i 314 CUCKOW. Mr. Abbot, who has been long resident at Savannah, in Georgia, that it is not inifrequent about Burke Country, and sits on, and hatclies its own eggs : the nest is not uncommon, first to be observed about the latter end of April, built in the fork of a small oak, made of sticks, lined with moss, and over that dead hiccory blossoms ; the eggs five in number, of a rough blue colour, not deep : the length of one in lay collection is one inch and a quarter by one inch, very little smaller at one end than the other 71.— RAIN CUCKOW. Cuculus pluvialis, Ind.Oni.'i. 218. Gm. Lin.'i. 411. Gen. Zool.ix. p. 124. - Jaiiiaicensis, Bris.'w. 114. / Gm. Lin. i. 416. Bris. IV, 110. Cuculus Doininicu», Ind.Orn.i. 221. Linti. 170. t. 9. f. 2. rd. 8vo. ii. 72. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 97. Le Cendrillard, B^f. vi; 413. Le Coucou cendre, Voij. d'Azara iv. No. 268. var. .» St. Domingo Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. &41, LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter grey brown ; plumage above the same, beneath pale ash-colour; the quills rufous, tipped and margined with grey brown; tail cuneiform hve inches and a quarter long, the two middle feathers as the back' the others black, with white tips, and the outer one white on th. outer web ; legs grey brown. Inhabits Guiana, St. Domingo, and Louisiana. Buffon mentions a slight Variety, rather larger, with a shorter bill, and the under parts wholly white, A small Variety is found also in Parag uay !:. !W? m M ':4: VOL. III. w III 923 cycKOW. 81.— CAYENNE CUCKOW. Ciiculus Cayanus, /nd. Orn.i. 221. Lin. i. 170. Gm. Lin. \. 4\7. J5m. iv. 122. t. 8. f. 2. Jd. 8vo. ii. 75. Gen. Zool. ix. j). 90. Coucou Piaye de Cayenne, Bu/, vi. 414. Fl. cnl. 211. Le Tingazu, Voy. d'Azara iv. No. 2G5. Tamatia, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxvii. Cayenne Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 542. f p LENGTH fifteen inches and three quarters. Bill above one inch, a little bent at the tip, and grey brown ; eyelids and irides coral red; plumage above purplish chestnut, beneath the same, but paler ; the quills like the upper parts, tipped with bi own ; tail the same, greatly cmeiform, ten inches in length ; the outer feather little more than three ; the two middle ones brown, like the back ; the others black ; the ends of all of them white; legs grey brown. Male and female much alike. Inhabits Cayenne, l>y the name of Piaye, or Devil ; as the natives esteem it a bird of ill omen, they will not touch the flesh, and with some reason, as it is very bad and lean. This idea takes place, too, iu Paraguay, where it is called Guira Paye, or Sorcerer's Bird ; it is 4 very taiQe Species, suffering itself to be almost touched by the hand before it attempts to escape ; its flight somewhat like that of the Kingsfisher; frequents the l>oixlers of rivers, on the low branches of trees; feeds on insects, and often wags the tail on ch'uiging place; is not common in Paraguay ; sien only in pairs ; lays two eggs, and rears its own young. The natives say the flesh is purgative, which they attribute to the effects of magic. Mt A.— Cuculus Cayanus, Ind. Orn.i. 45. y. Gen. Si/n. ii. 543. 41. B. Length sixteen inches. Bill hooked, one inch and a half long, red; crown of the head, including the eye, fine ash-colour; the rest '^iM. -J CUCKOW. 323 of the head, and upper parts, fine rufous ; chin, and nock before paler, inclining to cinereous on the breast ; belly, thighs, and vent black ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers nine inches long, the outer one five, colour fine rufous, towards the ends black, the tips obliquely marked with white ; legs dusky. Inhabits Berbice, called there Hikaroena. Another, supposed to dififer in sex, was seventeen inches and a half in length. Bill as in the other, but yellow ; plumage in general rufous; head the same, not ash-colour ; throat pale rufous; breast, belly, and vent fine pale ash- colour ; tail as in the other, but longer^ the colour much the same, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white ; legs yellow. Met with at Berbice, with the other, called Hikurnana. I am obliged io Mr. M'Leay for the above description, taken from two fine specimens in his possession. a i I I!: B.—Cuculus Cayanensis minor, Bris. iv. 124. 1. 16. f. 2. Id. 8vo. ii. 70. Lin. i. 170 14.^. GVn.5yn.ii. 542. 41. A. Size of the Missel Thrush ; length ten inches and a half. Bill yellowish grey brown : head, and upper parts purplish chestnut ; the throat, to the breast, the same, but paler; belly, sides, and thighs brown ash ; under tail coverts deep chestnut brown ; quills and tail as the upper parts, the last much cuneated, four of the middle feachers plain, the others the same, with the tips white ; the quills reach to about one-fifth on the tail. Inhabits Cayenne. I am obliged to Lord Seaforth for a fine specimen, which came from Trinadad. '14 ■I II i ■ Tt2 ■V 324 CUCKOW. • i \i ;*: 82.— WHITE-RUMPED CUCKOW. Cu cuius tenebrosus, iHd.Orn.'}. 221. Gm.Lin.'\. 417. Pall.n.nord Betftr.iiu s. 3. 1. 1. f. 1. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 89. Petit Coucou noir tie Cayenne, Bi{f. vi. 417. PI. enl. 505. Tamatia, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxvii. White-rumped black Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 544. LENGTH eight inches and a quarter. Bill one inch, a little curved, and pointed, black ; the plumage wholly black, except the lower part of the back, and rump, belly, thighs, and vent, all of which are white; on the belly the white is separated from the black, by a inifous orange band ; tail under three inches, much rounded, and but little exceeds the wings in length ; legs yellow. Inhabits Cayenne and Brazil ; makes the nest in the hole of a tree, sometimes in the ground, if it finds a hole ready made ; passes the day perched on a solitary branch of a tree, in an open spot, motionless, except when collecting insects, on which it feeds. A. — Length five inches and three quarters. Bill three-eighths of an inch long, and pointed at the end ; nostrils small and round, but in some measure covered by a few bristles coming forwards over them; plumage in general glossy black; lower half of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts white ; lower half of the belly fine rufous, to beyond the thighs; vent, and under tail coverts dusky white; under wing coverts white; tail two inches long, even, or scarcely rounded ; the wings reach at least to the end of it, if not beyond. B. — Another was six inches in length. The bill flattened on the sides, and sharp-ridged at top ; the head, neck, and all above CUCKOW. 325 glossy steel black; breast asli-col our ; the belly deep rufous ; under wing coverts, lower part of the back, upper and under tail coverts, and vent white; the upper coverts reach to half the length of the tail, which is two inches long, even at the end, and the wings exceed It ui length by full three quarters of an inch ; legs weak, as in the Swallow. Inhabits Berbice, there called Saebe saebe. I have seen two specimens : in one of them the under wing coverts and vent were dusky white. A specimen of this last is in the collection of Lord Stanley. This and the last are not allowed by M. Temminck to remain among the Cuckow Tribe, but rather as being more allied to the Tamatia, next akin to the Barbet Genus ; it may be so, but as they have hitherto been received by authors as pertaining to the Cuckows, we are not inclined to remove them from that situation. 'r 83.-HONEY CUCKOW. Cuculus Indicator, Ind. Orn. i. 218. Gm. Lin. i. 418. Mill. III. t. 24. f. A Bor ii 130. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 138. Coucou Indicateur, Buf. vi. 392. Honey Guide, Phil. Trans. Ixvii. p. 38. pi. 1. Sparm. Voy. ii. 191. Gent. Mag. xlrii. Indicateur, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxiii. Honey Cuckow, Gen. Sijn. ii. 533. Id. Sup. 101. Id. Sup.n. 135. LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch and a half, rather thick brown towards the base, and yellowish at the tip, at the bottom a fey^ bnstles; eyelids naked, black; irides ferruginous grey; top of the head grey, the feathers somewhat broad, and short; chin, throat and breast dirty white, on the latter a tinge of green ; back and ^t'.'' i, 1 i ., • ■ •* M W m m 9^ CUCKO\f. ill i!:t ■ii iif! ramp ferrnginous grey ; belly and vent white ; thighs white, with a longitudinal black streak on each feather; upper wing coverts grey brown, some of them tipped with yellow, forming a spot on the shoulders, which is, for the most part, covered by the scapulars; tpiills brown ; beneath them, and the bastard wing, grey brown ; tail cuneiform, of twelve feathers, the two middle narrowest, colour rusty brown ; the two next fuliginous, the inner margins whitish ; the next on each side white, with brown tips, and a black spot on the inner webs at the base; the outmost shorter than the rest, marked as the last, but the black spot less conspicuous. The male said to have the base of the bill surrounded with blackish. The female is rather smaller; the greenish brown on the upper parts inclines more to yellow, and the base of the bill yellowish white; throat, neck before, breast, and flanks yellowish, variegated with blackish brown ; otherwise like the male. Young birds are very like the females. Inhabits the interior of Africa, at a good distance from the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly on the eastern side, from the forest of Hottniqua, to the Caftres. The male and female very seldom seen separate ; they are said to lay three or four dirty white eggs, in the hole of a tree, and both sexes sit by turns ; but Dr. Sparrman was sliewn a nest, said to be of this bird, composed of slender fllaments of bark, in the form of a bottle, with the neck and opening downwards, and a string in an arched shape suspended across the opening. The manners of this bird are worth notice, as it is said to feed chiefly on honey, and of much use, by its wonderful instinct, for finding out the places where the wild bees hoard it up, and discovered to the Hottentots and Dutch in the following manner. The moniing and evening are the times of feeding ; the note is shrill, which the hunters attend to, and answer from time to time, till the bird is in sight, on which it flies to the spot where the bees have placed their : ill's ' If !;■: CUCKOW, 327 store, which the hunters take, and Jeave their guide a portion for Its pains. Dr. Spamnan assured me, that he has several times been at the taking the wild bees in this manner, but could only obtain two female birds, from which the description was taken ; he added that this bird is held in great veneration by the Hottentots, and that the killing one was much resented by these people. We are likewise told, that theRatel* (a species of weasel) profits equallyby the Honey Cuckow, watching its motions on all occasions; when, if the bird directs him to that which is collected under ground, it is enabled to get It sufficiently easy ; on the contrary, if the bees nest is in a tree the disappointed animal, unable to get up to it, begins to gnaw the tree at bottom, whereby the Hottentots have a second method of discovenng such as contain honey; for they have yet to learn the mode of collecting it by means of artificial hives; but that it may be done, was instanced in a colonist, who used to set out empty chests and boxes, into which the wild swarms would frequently enter; and there can be no doubt, that hives might be used there with the same advantage as in other countries. M. Levaillant observes, that in opening the stomach of one, nothing was found but wax and honey not a vestige of any insect; that the skin was so thick, as when fresh' It was scarcely to be pierced with a pin ; a wise provision against the stings of the insects he is destined to encounter. This bird is probably the Gnat Snapper of Kolben,t of wliiround. 87.— ASIATIC CUCKOW. LENGTH eight inches or more. Bill nearly one inch, brown- black ; nostrils scarcely conspicuous, being in great part covered by a membrane ; general colour of the plumage dirty brown-black, inclining to lead-colour on the rump ; sides of the chin, and throat grey, mottled with black in short dashes ; belly lead-colour ; tail * Kolben mentions a Bird by the name of Gnat Snapper, which lie says, directs tlie Hottentots to the honey collected by the bees in the rocks. — See Honey-Cuckow ; but in our opinion, the Gnat Snapper, so called at the Cape of Good Hope, is more likely to prove the Bee-Eater, which is very destructive to bees. i? rUl iiKf.'! CUCKOW. 331 coverts nearly black ; tail the same, with a blue grey tinge, the outer feather black on the inner web ; on the outer white, with a black serrated streak, indenting the white like a saw, somewhat in the manner of the Fantailed Cuckow, though opposite in every direction ; for in that the black curvatures tend upwards, in this downwards . in the former, the outer web is black, in the latter white ; shape of the tail cuneiform. It has only three toes, two placed forwards and one backwards ; legs brown. Supposed to inhaoit India, and is in the collection of Lady Clive. I find it also among the drawings of Gen. Davies, taken from one in the collection of Mr. Thompson. ill; I: '11; 1 Ml li * 88.-~TRIDACTYLE CUCKOW. LENGTH twenty inches. Bill horn-coloured, bent downwards ; head and neck pale, dirty, yellow-oker ; irides brown ; hind neck,' back, and wing coverts deep chocolate brown or lead-colour ; back, and wing coverts with rufous ends, bordered above with black; quills ending black, the very tips white ; tail eight or nine inches long; deep lead-colour, or chocolate-brown ; the feathers marked on the sides, and at the ends with white, with a broad bar of black, near the end ; all the under parts from the chin, dusky white, crossed on the breast and belly with pale dusky ash markings ; legs stout, short, blue, claws black. The quills reach to the middle of the tail, which is a little rounded at the end. Described from a drawing, in which was the appearance of only three toes, two before and one behind. Inhabits New-Holland.— Mr. Lambert. !i. i; L u 2 lii ' I m'.'i ■i'.i2 WRYNECK. I ' ^i^ |i < I't GEMS XXVI.— U'RYNECK. T HE bill ill this Genus is roundish, slightly incurvatetl, and of a weak texture. Nostrils bare of feathers, and somewhat concave. The tongue long, slender, and armed at the point. Ten flexible feathers in the tail. Feet made for climbing. Toes two before and two behind. This Genus consists of only a single species, and has, by most authors, been held as distinct, for tiiongh it seems allied to some other genera, it perfectly coincides with none. It has the tongue of the AVoodpecker, as well as the situation of the toes, but the weak- ness of the bill, unable to bear the rude exertion of those birds, forbids it to be placed among them. It seems also much allied to the Cuckow, did not the length of tongue prove the contrary. As it is, however a bird universally known, a further general description seems to be nnneces.sary. !•* fill U RYNECK.- Pl lviii. Yunx Torquilla, Lid. Orn, i. 223. Lin. i. 172. I'aun. siiec. No. 97. 1. 1. f. 78. Rndh. Lapp. GG. t. 60. Gm, Lin.i. 423. .S'co;;. i. No. .30. Geri n. t. \SG. Gcorgi nine. p. 105. Boroicsk: Nat. \\. n2. t.\G. /v'«ijp.44. JVillA)':,. t.U. BWa. vi. t. I. f. 1. /(/. 8vo. li. 43. Sepp Voir. t. p. 343. Friscli. t. 38. Kram. .330. Sdur/. el. t. 00. B;h»(. No.37. i)/H//m p. 90. Faun, Amg. \>.Ti. A'/f/H. p. 28. 14. /(/, Stem.i.A. f.4. a. e. il. /(/. Of. p. 17. t. 4. f.5. Gen.Zool.\\. 143. pl. 28. Tern. Man. 248, Id. Ed. ii. 404. Avis Tuite Americana variegata, Seba.\. 175. t. 110. f. 7. Der bunte Wendehals, Srhmid Vog. p. 41. t. 27. LeTorcol, B(//. vii. 84. \A.li. Pl.enl.G9S. Hist. Prov.\. 484. Drelielials, Naturf. i.v. s. 53. ToicocoUo, Zinnan. Uov. 72. t. 11. f.03. Celt. Uc. Sard. 84. Long-Tongue, Kolb. Cap. Engl. ii. 155 } •■li m I A. ■ I*',?' ' V .m .4."* M hill MM? i> ^^. ^«T ^*. ^.; :#i?^$/*t% -^n-'n^ ^» i^ v*v< • Wr';» if, »,..'«,lK*-P"i<' ^^'; ^ ^i m 'im 1.! i \ ■< :5;{1» unVMJCK <.FArS \\vi -Ui{>\i4 K I i ii'< hill i'.i tlu^ («»iju,s IS n>ii,< .^ji! *>lii^i«fj! ii4«:(ii v|ii7 "f aiitl ol' !"'■ J ! iiv,u\o Tot 4.'li!':)»ui,u (Vi' -"- Uvi> .'< (Vu, ijju rw(^>.b( iuiul. .Tins f »« >ni« r<»us;>!s f>f .»nlv ;.. simj,}*' six: wis, nud has, by iim»sI, authors, {'♦•I n 1j«, 111 r; -.lisfiTiot, , lisntiilioiiirh c seems all it«! to soiru* (•till 1 :^;u)e.iM il. \k\'^* ''H\ •.*ii^Gi^U^; wiiii n.>ui' It bJiN the t«»iii;;u*.: oi' t)io Wobt" tln' fc>os% but iIIm.- u^ak- jx^s-^ uftiiohill. uuiiJ'lj;- ^> ^Kjarjiif' ruMjM-vtfPti »n <»l"(lios>' birtls. ili»i', " . ,' ••> i*» flv'.tl ui^oiiic l,bem. If j»i'^rfM»J*'.> much alii<*th. ?',jiis»(>v ^■r»«^Hfe •^rf;.'?»J«lf^- ; Xv. ^» '< , V:*'-'*-*'"'' ' i -. MV.'Yi '■ «.i>n<}Ct^svar} \VHS Wi'K Pt iviTi « t its»H «t.* ' . > > A ■■,-> t.lK nn.'i :;. >>'•»> ■..:■". , •."'..,-■ ._:!., u f->. fhir. , . I, I i" J /«.^. '. iU •,-i-/ V otr. ' . Y'. m:\ .-'•--.. ^- ^>.w,'WO. Sck.rf.,/ . t.m. i)nn,.. ' t. ■;' W(;f/«. j>. !«/. h" f .t .">■■ . .."t A/e/«, p. 'iS. 14. /'/, ■ Stem.i.A. f. -i- .. • :. hf.Qr. p. 'V. i. I. (.->.. .^/ .><.«,, ,/... l-W. pi '2S 7V../. ].,- l 'ir,.-. 'Hi.'f. \-\\, M, }>(, .J. Pi. fiil.U'.iK h- -<.-■<■. 1. 484. Lo: T>'- 1 "i,a'^' :*/'• i^' t'f(i. It 5;>& U; i if .#MMe» n iMU. 'm I""- ' : iH m m 10; ••i'..-; •f ... • f' '131 if Ml .1 i vi WRYNECK. .3-33 Wryneck, Gen. Si/n. ii. 548. pi. 24. Id. Snp. 10-3. Br. Zool. i. No. a3. Id. /of. SO. t. F. G. /. 640. Swartf Speclit, Sepp Votr.'w. t. p. 385. Sc/imid Voif. p. 39. t. 25. Lf Pic iioiv, Biif. vii. 41. t. 2. P/. en/. 590. Sa/crn. Orn. t. 10. f. 2. I-'erm. Sarin, ii. 170. Dec. russ. iv. p. 9. 17. DtT Fouselirr, Naturf. ix. s. 54. Great Black Woodpecker, Gcv. Si/n. ii. 552. Id. Snp. 104. Br. Zoo/. Ed. 1812. 325. A/bin, ii. pi. 27. JVi//. Em^/. 135. pi. 21. Arct. Zoo/, ii. 270. A. Lcicin Birds, ii. t. 40. Donoc. Birds, \.X.\'.i. fVa/c. Si/n.\. ^A.-io. Pn/t. Cat. Dorset. [i.O. Orn. Did. ^- Supp. SIZE of a Jackdaw ; length seventeen inches. Bill near two inches and a half, of a dark ash-colour, and whitish on the sides ; 'I WOODPECKER. 33y irides i)ale yellow ; the whole bird is black, except the crown of the liead, which is the colour of vermilion ; the first quill feather is tlw shortest; the two middle tail feathers are longer than the others, making it a little rounded ; legs lead-colour, covered with feathers on the fore part, for half their length. The female differs, in having the hindhead only red, and the general colour of the plumage tinged with brown : in some, the red of the hindhead has been wholly wanting; and, indeed, both sexes are apt to vary, some having a much greater proportion of red on the head than others. This bird is found on the Continent of Europe ; not known in Italy, and rare in France, but more plentiful in Germany. Frisch mentions it as a bird common to his parts, and it is also found in Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland, but not in winter; is very connnon in Russia, freriuenting the woods, from St. Petersburgh to Ochotsk, on the Eastern ocean, and to Lapmark, on the West; is not an inhabitant of Kamtschatka, but not uncommon in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea. It is so very destructive to bees, that the Baschirians, in the vicinity of the River Ufa, as well as the inhabitants of otiier parts, who form holes in the trees, 25 or 30 feet from the ground, wherein the bees may deposit their store, take every precaution to hinder the access of this bird, and in particular to guard the mouth of the hive with sharp thorns; notwithstanding which, the Woodpecker finds means to prove a most formidable enemy, and it is observed to be in most plenty where the bees are in the greatest numbers.* They are said to build in old ash and poplar trees, making large and deep nests, and often so excavate a tree, that is is shortly aft'er bio vn down with the wind; and that under the hole of this bird * At Dschiggertau. on the Ural Mouutaius, there is a beehive almost on every one of tlie tallest pine trees, and in these parts the Blaek Woodpecker abounds exceedinc^ly. beinj, attracted, no doubt, by the inhabitants of the hivea.— Dec. russ. iv. p. 9. " + (imel, Jieise. iv. p. l4l. X X 2 (I |.^: : • ■i.X m -r 'i :■. ■i! "f m 1: U ^J 340 WOODPECKER. may often be found a bushel of dust, and bits of wood. The female lays two or tliree white eggs ; which colour, as Willughby observes, is peculiar to the whole of the Genus. I have sufficient authority to say, that it has three or four times been met with in England at least ; our late Friend, Mr. Tunstall, informed me, it had been sometimes seen in Devonshire; and Dr. Pulteney mentions its being shot in the nursery gardens at Blandford, also at Whitechurch, and other places in Dorsetshire; one was killetl in Lancashire, by Lord Stanley; and Colonel Montagu was told of another, shot on an old willow tree, in Battersea Fields, a few miles from London. mM j;'i 2.— GREATER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus niJijor, /Hrf. Or/1 i. 228. Lin. \. 176. Cm. Lin. \. 4m. Funn. Sitec. 'So. 100. Scop. Ann. i. No. 53. Brun. No. 40. Muller, No. 99. Kram. H-ib. Ceorgi. l(i,5. Sepp Vog. t. p. 41- Bor. Nat.u. 137. Decouv. russ.n. 143. Hist. Frov.'x. 184. Hasse/(]. It. 342. So. 21? Tern. Mati.d'Orn. 241. Id. Ed. \i. p. 300. Nat .Misc. pi. 180. Picus varius major, Raii,p.43. A. 4. JVill. p.9. t,21. Bris.iv. .34. /iscA. t. 36. Klein. 27. 6. Id. Stem, p,i>. t. 4. f. 3. a. c. d. e. Id. Or. p. 17. t. 4. f.3. L'Epciche, ou Pic varie, Buf.\\\. p. 57. PI.enl. 190. 595. Grosse Rotlispecht, Ctinth. Nest, u. Ey. t. 61. Wirsing J\g- t. 58. Piccio, Zinnan.Uov. 73. t. 11. f. 64. Bunter Specht, NatU'f. ix. s. 55. Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.W. 564. Id. Sup. p. \07. Br. Zool.'u No. 85. Id.fol.70. t. E. /f/.1812. i. 319. pi. 41. Arct.Zool.W. No. 162. Alhin,\. 1. 19. Will. Engl. 137. pl.2i. Collins Birds, pi. 3. f. 7. & pl.5. f. 10. Hayes Br. Birds, t. 9. BeitiJcA:, i. pi. p. 118. Lewin Birds, t, 47. Id. Eggs, t. v'm. f.3. Donov.Vi. pi. 37. tValcot i. t.48. Pult. Dorset, p. 6. Nat. Misc. pi. 180. Ornith. Dict.^Siipp. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length nine inches ; weight two ounces and three quarters. Bill thirteen lines long, blackish, with a horn- WOODPECKER. 341 coloured base; iri.Ies re.l,li.,l, ; general colon,- of the pl»,„i,«e bl.ck above. tl.eforel,e«.l.lir.j l.„ft-; on ti.e lnn.ll,ea. ru.ss. ii. 14:j. 2Vmi. Man. d'Orn. 244. M. Ji'i/. ii. i>. 399. Sepp I'oi;. t. j). young in the iiest. I'icus vurius minor, liuii Si/n. p. 43. 5. , Dris. iv 38. t. 2. 1". 1. Id. 8vo. ii. 52. Ccrin. t. IGO. 109 ? ni tij o r, Wi //. t . 2 1 . Tier niittlerc Buntspi-eht, Wirsiug l'^og.t.31. NaturjWx. s.bb. No. .57. Pic vurie ti tete rouyfc, PI, enl. Gil. Middk' Spottiil AX'oodpeckfr, Gen, Syn, ii. SC.'i. Id, Sup. p. 107. Br, Zool. i. t.37. /(/. 1812. p.. 321. pi. 41. Arcf. Zoo/. W. p.278. D. Bewick, \. l\9. Birds, t. 48. JVa/cot Syn, i. t. 49. Pult, Cut. Dors. p. 0. Orn, Diet. . Lin, i, IJrr. 41. tilt- No. SO. Lewin This is a trifle smaller than thela.st; it clirters from it in havintf the colours le.ss clear, and defined, otherwise one description might .serve, except that the whole crown of the head is crimson, instead of only the back part of it. Most authors have described it as tlistinet, but later observations seem to prove that it is only a young bird in its first feathers, and we rather suspect that both .sexes may have the whole of the crown crimson, till the first moult,* when the males retain only the hinder part, and the females lose that colour entirely ; certain it is, that birds, with the crimson crowns, are only met with at the latter end of the year, or from July to November, and then with evident signs of youth about them ; and if late in the year, the crimson on the top of the head ha.*!; a mixture of blackish feathers, though the back part is of a full crimson. One .similar to this, seen in a drawing from India, had the whole crown dusky yellow, or buff-colour; all beneath, rump, and vent, pale cinereous grey; middle of the belly dull crimson. Among others, in the collection of drawings of Indian Birds, communicated by Dr. Buchanan, is one answering to the Mid«m. ,.. .330. Bor. Nut.W 138 !),,' russ.iu 53. Gen. Zool. ix. IflO. ,.l. 34. Tem. Man. cVOrn. 245. Id. Ed. ii. ,,. 400 I- :: 1; t aeriii. t. 170, 1. Id. Vur. f. 2. Id. Ov. 17. t. 4. f. 4. Picus varius minor, Brh.w. 41. /«^yl 't Orn. But. Sf Supj>. Nut. Misc. pi. 225. ' THIS is the least of the European Species; length five inches and a half ; weight scarcely an ounce. Bill lead-colour ; irides red • upper parts of the body black, striated across the back with white • scapulars and quills spotted black and white; forehead dirty buff- crown ot the head crimson; cheeks, and sides of the neck white • under pjxrts of the body dirty white ; the four middle tail feathers hlack ; the others black and white ; legs lead-colour The female has the top of the h^ad white, which is red in the male ; but neither have the vent red, as in the Greater Species V I s- h- ■ 1* ■ f I' ill 344 WOODPECKEW. It is prohable, tliat the yoiiiii;- birds of both sexes have the red crown till the Hrst moult, at least they all are so before they leave the nest. This is far from |ilentiful in any part of this kingdom, but perhaps it appears mon* soaree, from its freipieiiting deep woods during the summer; it approaches near habitations in winter, ehietly in orchards adjoining-, which no doubt it does for the sake of food, finding about the trunks of trees both caterpillars, and other larvjf of insects ; it la\s five white eggs in the hole of a tree, which are so like those of the M'ryneck, as to be mistaken for them, but ditler, in weighinn' less by about four grains. It is called by some by the name of llickwall, Crank liird, and I^annet; known in many places on the Continent of Kurope, but no where in great plenty ; however, lull as tar north as the larger sort, e\t(!nding to the most eastern part of Siberia; one of them has been killetl in the woods near Almoraima, a short distance from (libraltar, but it was accounted as a singular occurrence:* it has likewise been noticed on the other side of the Kquator, as Mr. Pennant received a drawing of one from the Island of Cevlon, in the Kast Indies. A.— Pftit Pic (I'Aiitiguf, Sun. Voy. 118. t.77. C.en. Syn.W. 507. I m "i Size of the other. Bill and legs l)lackish ; top of the head, an<( liind part of the neck, greyish black ; on each side of the neck, two-thirds downwards, a stripe of white, which begins just above the eye, and under this another of black, from the eye to the shoulder; upper parts of the body black and white ; the under parts pale yellow, spotted w ith black ; tail black, beneath barred with dirty white and yellowish ; the head not red in any part. • Mr. White. WOODPECKER. Wt D.-Lossor Spottod Woodpecker. /,»/. Qrn. .. 230. y. Gen. 5y«. .S„;.. 108. 14. A. X-i«. Tran.*. xiii. p. 173. Rather smaller than the others. Bill l,l„i.sh ; forehead an.l rheek,, .vlnte; on the l«g,.„.I..K of the crow,, a rich crimson spot; the hiiul part black, and slightly crested; from (he under man.liWe a Idack In,e surroundnig the lower part of the cheeks, and joining the hind partof the neck, which is also hluck ; back anclscapniars black, ...arked w. h Innated white spots; wing coverts striped d„wn,vnr.ls, and spotted With white, on a bla.k ground ; primaries an.l tail barrel regularly black and white; under part of the body white Collected by Mr. Uten, and communicated by Mr, i'ennant; called, m Java, Platuk-lallar. ,:-,' I *^'~;?"f' ,f' "^«''"" ^""i'"--. Jiffere'l from the last merely i„ havmg the belly dusky white, with obscure streaks of brown : tbun.l ni Java, where it is called Platoo bullar.— I>r. Wilkins. ■ (., 4.— GREEN WOODPECKER. Picus viridis, /„d. Or«. i. 175. Faun. Suec. So.m. Gm Lin \ i.ll « No.52. ^.-,42^ A... ^..03.t.21. Ua..,.n::^"^;^^^'- ^2: t.4. fl. AV/io/../ t.50. Kram.3M. Faun. Arag.73. Bris.^y. i>. Mfivo.h" 44. f,.«.Zoo/.,.x. ia3.pl. 35. rm.Tf/an.rf.Orn. 238. /,/. ^rf. ii. p.392 Grunspecht Frisc,., t. 39. Guntk. Nest. u. E,. 37. t. 5. lower fig. Wirs. Vo, t .^,7 Pk- verd. Bvf. v„. p. 7. pi. 1. PI. enl. 371. 879. His,. Prov. i. 484 Piccio, Cel. Uc. Sard. p. 81. Gree.. Woodpecker. Gen. S>,n. ii. 577. lU. Sup. 110. Br. Zool. i. No. 84. lU f„i 78 t. E. Id. Ed. 1812. p. 315. Arct. Zool. u. 277. B. A16. i. pi 18 Wilt^, Hayes B^rd. pi. 10^ £,.„,>,, , p,. p. „„. ^^^-^ ^.^^^^ .. ^ ^ • v.... {.4 Walcot Birds, i. t. 46. PuU. Cat. Dorset, p. 6. Bono.: fiirrf,; T 37' Orn. Diet. Graves Br. Ornith. ^ ▼ OL. III. V „ r.;t t ' 1 :. It it' :^ 't *;«" 346 WOODPECKER. THIS is a large Species ; leiif^th thirteen inclies, or more; breadth eighteen ; weight near seven ounces. The bill two inches long, triangular, and dusky; the iritles of two colours, the inner ciicle reddish, tlie outer white ; crown of the head crimson, spotted with brown black ; sides of the head blackish ; on the lower jaw a spot of red ; upper parts of the body olive green ; towards the rump inclining to yellow; quills dusk)^, spotted witli whitish; the under parts greenish white, or very pale green ; tail' barred dusky and greenish ; all, except the outer feathers, black at the ends; the legs greenish ash. The female wants the red mark on the lower jaw, otherwise like the male; these birds lay four or five beautifully transparent whi».e eggs,* weighing about two drachms, in a hollow asp, or other tree, sometimes 15 or 20 feet from iiie ground ; in defect of a hole suited to their purpose, they perforate some convenient tree of a soft texture, or tending to decay, with their bills, till they come to a hollow part, which they wi\\v inches long; the outer three ; quills reach to near the middle of the tail. This came from Ceylon,* and is there called Kerel'a; makes the the nest in old trees, as others, and feeds on insti ts. * Probably too from China, as it was uinon^ some drawings done therf but the toes were erroneously placed, three before and one behind. In the plate referred f m Natur/orscker, the bird had two toes before, and two behind. "1 'A- 'Hi t >•« 1''^ 4 I m 1 ■:%] I II: ^ 'i 360 WOO!?Pl!iCKER. B. — One of these, in the Museum of the India House, London, said to have come from Java, had the head and all beneath streaked, or mixed black and white ; the back fulvous, the lower part of it, and the rump crimson ; quills and tail black. This had two toes before, and only one behind. The Bengal Species is found in Java; at least one very similar, and inclines equally to the Goa one, though somewhat differing from both ; and Dr. Horsfield is of opinion, iliat these two may probably form but one Species ; and he also obseiTes, that there is considerable variety between the individuals found in Java, where it is called Platuk bawan^r. ni i 6.~GOA WOODPECKER. Piciis Goensi.i, Tnd. Orii. i. 235. Gm. Lin. i. 434. Pic vert de Goa, Buf. vii. 22. PI. enl. G96. Goa Woodpecker, Gen, Syn. ii. 582. Gen.Zool. ix. 187. pi. 35. LESS than the Common Green Wootlpecker. Bill black ; crown and hindhead crimson, the latter crested, and b*^*"' ed on the temples with a white stripe, widenmg as it passes behind to the neck ; from the eye springs a black band, continuing on each side in a zigzag manner, falling over the wing, the lesser coverts of which are also black; the rest of the wing golden yellow, whicli ends in greenish yellow on the lesser quills ; the greater variegated lilack and white; tail black; beneath the body whitish, ihe feathers edged with black ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Goa. Pi WOODPECKER. 351 7.— PHILIPPINE WOODPECKER. Picus Philippinarum, Ind. Orn. i. 230. Gen. Zool. ix. 190, Pic grivele, grand Pic de Lu^on, Son. Voy. 73. t. 73. Palalaca, Phil. Trans, xxiii. p. 1397. No. 42. Pic verd tachete des Philippines, Buf. vli. 21. PI. enl. 091. Gen. Syn. ii. 581. B. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill black ; irides red ; top, sides, and hind part of the head and neck, back and wings, shining brown, with a mixture of .^reen ; the feathers on the top of the head longer than the rest, forming a crest; throat and under parts white, xne feathers margined with black, appearing spotted white and black \ tail black-brown, on each web a white spot, forming, when the tail is .spread, a white band; the upper tail coverts red; like carmine; legs black. Inhabits the Island of Luconia ; there caUed Palalaca. .? -■* I' A. —Palalaca, ou grand Pic vert des Philippines, Buf. vii. 20. This is said to be as large as a Fowl, with a crested head, and green body. It is also called Palalaca by the natives; the Spaniards call it Herrero, or Blacksmith, on account of the great noise it makes with the bill in striking the trees, to be heard at 300 paces distance. it 8.--MANILLA WOODPECKER. Picus Manillensis, Ind. Orn. i. 236. Gm. Lin. i. 434. Pic verd de I'lsle de Lucon, Son. Voy. 23. t. 30. Manilla Green Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii, 583. Gen. Zool. ix. 189. LESS than the Green Woodpecker, Bill blackish : colour of the body dirty green ; top of the head a little spotted with grey ; ■ M- Mitt 1^ ! 'Mi .J ' ) I JO Hi s i! ;55'i WOOD PECK nil. quills and tail blackish ; the upper tr.il coverts bright carmine red, formin.i; a large spot on that part ; legs blackish. Inhabits Lu^onia. 9 —STRICT WOODPECKER. Picus strictus, Lin. Trans, xiii. \>. 17G.-IIorsfieUl. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill narrow, slender, tending .rvadually to a point; superior angles parallel, with transverse, curved slender lines ; ridge narrow ; the lower mandible yellowish ; the crown crested, crimson in the male, in the female orange ; the plumage above orange green, beneath variegated white and black ; tail black. i- t>w i Inhabits Java; called by the common name of Platuk. lO.-STREAKED-CROWNED WOODPECKER. Pious tristis, Lin. Trans.xm. p. 177.-Horsfield. LENGTH seven inches. Bill conic, a trifle bent; the plumage al>ove banded irregularly with black and white ; rump white ; under parts of the body black; the crown and nape are tenderly streaked llack and white; tail, qniUs, and thigh feathers fasc.ated black and white. Inhabits Java ; known by the name of Platuk-watu. m WOODPECKER. iiryii hi 1 1 —J A VAN W OODPECK EU. Picus Javensis, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 175. LENGTH fifteen inches. General f;olour of tlie plumage black ; feathers of the head elongated into a crest, which is crimson ; at the sides of the neck a crimson stripe ; belly testaceous, but not bright. The female is about one inch louger than the male, and paler in colour, the head variegated above with blackish green and white; under the eyes a scai let mark ; the colour of the belly uniform with the rest of the body, and the throat antl lower part of the neck are Isabella yellow. Inhabits Java, called there Platuk-ayam. 12. -CAPE WOODPECKER. Picus Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 2;j7. Cm. Lit:, i. 4.';!>. V\v a teto grise du Cap do IJ. Esp. Buf. vii. 'H). PL en/. 78(5 female Le Pic olive, Lcmiil. Afr. vi. p. KJ. pi. 248, 249. Male & female. Red-runiped Woodpeck<'r, GV«. ZwA. ix. 194. Cape Woodi)eeker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 580. LENGTH seven inches and a half Bill black ; head olive grev ; from the middle of the crown, and all behind the nape crimson ; back, neck, and breast, olive brown; rump and upper tail coverts red; quills dusky within; tail black; legs lead-colour. Levaillant observes, that the under parts are olive, inclining to yellow. The female smaller, the colours less brilliant, and the red less lively ; but has the hindhead and rump red as the male; in the first year, only the middle of the hindhead is red, and in very old birds the l)rea.st has a tinge of red ; the females have no red on the head the first year, this colour being only seen on the rump. VOL. III. Z I I li'i? El p. ii i;; il I,-:; ill i' m'fi in 1l .!5 fi 354 WOODPECKER. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts of Africa, and Senegal ; found on the eastern coast of Africa, from the River Duy wen Hock, quite to Caffre Land, also in the inner parts ; lays four white eggs, and both sexe ■ contribute to hatch the young in turns. One of these, in Mr. Bullock's Museum, is spotted on the outer webs of the lesser quills with dusky white, and the same on the inner, but larger; greater quills and tail feathers brown, the two outer ones of the latter marked, as the quills, with dusky white, and tlie belly obscurely barred with brown. A.— Cape Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 141. Head, neck, and all beneath pale grey; back and wings olive brown; crown, rump, and belly, crimson; wings and tail dusky; bill and legs black. Inhabits Abyssinia. I observed this among the late Mr. Bruce's drawings of birds, where it is named Wye-wa, and suspect it to represent c> very old male. M. BuiFon's figure of it in the PL enlum. is taken from a young female. 13.— HALF-BILLED WOODPECKER. Picus semiiostris, Ind. Orn. i. 238. Lin. i. 175. Gm. Lin. i. 435. Mus. Ad. Fr. i. 16. HaH-billed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 580. LINNAEUS describes this as of the size of a Black Woodpecker. Bill pale ; the upper mandible much shorter than the under, very pointed, and sharp at the tip ; * head brown, each feather tipped * Pallas has given his opinion concerning this bird, which, as far as relates to the bill, he thinks must be a Lusus Naturce, and unnatural; he mentions a specimen of the Common Gieen Woodpecker, in Germany, wherein the upp-jr mandible was scarcely half as long as I WOODPECKER. 355 with yellowish, making the head appear s{)otto(l ; body above brown, inclining t< isli ; beneath white ; wings brown ; t'\e outer edges of the quills spotted with white; tail brown. Inhabits India. 14.~DOUBLE-BEARDED WOODPECKER. Le Pic a double Moustache, Lemil. Afr. p. 22. pi. 251, 252. ■J - \m lit' % \\:] THE bill in this bird is black. Trides deep red; pluniagt above olive, varying in different lights to brown, yellow, and grey, especially towards the neck and rinnp, where the grey is most pre- dominant, and appears on the margins of the feathers at the ends ; back part of the head crimson ; sides, under the eyes, white, with two black streaks in the direction of the jaw; middle of the tliroat white, as far as the lower part of the neck ; beneath the body olive brOwn, waved with dir^y white; the quills olive brown, incliniui; outwardly to yellow, and marked with yellow spots ; tail as the quills! The female is smaller, and the waves less distinct, more inclined to brown ; top of the head black, instead of i « The young male has but little red on the lieu I, and coloured like the old female ; but very old females havt a small red patch on the head like the males. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and found in abundance throughout the Caffre Country, on the bodies of Mimosa trees, and the strokes with the bill may be heard far off; lays four dull white eggs, and both sexes assist in incu jation. the under, and gives two instances of the same in the Kingsfislier Genus, and one in the Oyster Catcher. — See Spicihf^. vi. p. 12. To which I may add, the same circumstance in a White Crow, in the Leverian Museum ; in this, the upper mandible was just formed tiie same. However, we are still indebted to Linnajus for a Species not before desciibed nor figured by any author, as far as we can find at present. Z z 2 Km i I (II k I I', i»r 356 WOODPECKER. 15— MAIIRATTA WOODPECKER. I'iriis Maliiattensis, lud. Orn. Sup. j>. xxxi. Ceii. Zool. ix. 177. Miilirattii Woodpecker, Cen. Si/n. Sup. ii. 14'i. THIS is ratlier Is'.rger than tlie Lesser Spotted. Head yellow brown ; on each side of the nape wliite ; u[)per parts of the body black, with large spots of white; the rump white; chin, and under parts pale brt>wii, with with three white dots, quills also spotted with white ; legs dusky. Inhabits the Molucca Islands. A.~Little Brown Woo:i . ■» Ml' tf'^ pi t, K . W *' I 1 PL V [ ■M 'I 300 WOODPECKER. In the female the red mark on the sides of the nape is much 'inailer; the back more sparingly spotted with white; wings and tail much the same, but the feathers of the latter have more white spots. Inhabits India ; the former found at Meeah Gunge, in February, the Ifitter at Cawnpore, in May ; these seem to be much allied to the Brown Species. 20— GUINEA WOODPECKER. Picus antivolans, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxxi. Gerin. t. 173. Guinea Woodpecker, Gen. Sijn. Sup.W. 141. THIS is a doubtful species, and, from the figure, it is uncertain, whether it is not a Jacamar. The bill is longer than usual in \Food- peckers, and black ; crown and chin bluish green ; body dull red, inclining to brown on the back; s'des of the neck mixed withyello.v; wings and tail dull blue ; quills brown ; legs pale. Said to inhabit Guinea, only seen in the engraving above referred to. 21. -LONG-BILLED WOODPECKER. LENGTH eight inches and a half Bill one inch and three quarters long, slender, and brown ; the under mandible shorter than the upper by a (juarter of an inch ; the nostrils covered with a small whitish tuft; <*rovvn brown, with small pale spots, and a few crimson feathers intermixed ; neck behind, snul back, l)lack and olive, in irregular bars; rump and tail coverts black and white ; wings black, several of the coverts with the outer webs white, forming two patches; cpiills spotted with white on both webs ; tail Cuneiform, black; the 'I '■: I i WOODPECKER. 361 two middle feathers marked with four lunated white spots on tlie inner web, and near the tip a dash of yellow ; the two outer ones margined on the outer edge and tip with white ; chin white ; throat and breast mixed dirty white and brown, in waves ; sides the same ; belly pale yellow; legs slender, black. Inhabits the Isle of Martinique. A fine specimen was in the collection of Mr. Bullock. r *, I,' h 22.— RED WOODPECKER. Picus miiiiatus, Ind. Orn. i. 241. Gm. Lin. i. 432. Zool. Ind. p. 14. t. 4. Gen. Zool.'ix. 210. pi. 35, Lin. Trans. xVu. p. 176. Red Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 595. Ltd. Zool. 4to. pi. vi. Nat. jWsc. pi. 413. LENGTH nine inches. Bill dusky blue ; head deep, dull red, and crested, on the chin a spot of yellow ; hind part of the neck, and back, and fore part of the neck, rose-colour ; belly white ; tail coverts green ; tail deep blue ; legs dusky. Inhabits Java, shot on tlie heights of that place; called by the Malayans, Tockar, or Carpenter; known also there by the name of Platuk. !: i „ .i ''^m \i:i A.— Length seven inches. Bill bluish: irides red; top of the head dusky red, from the middle crimson, but the feathers very little elongated. The rest of tlie head, neck, and all beneath, dusky white, marked on the neck and breast with largish dusky spots; down the middle of the breast and belly crimson ; vent white, waved with obscure pale ash; back, wings, and tail, plain dark chocolate brown ; rump white, legs pale blue. Inhabits India. I observed at the late Sir George Staunton's, a bird which appeared to he the other sex. In this the head was red VOL. III. A A A hI'I 1,1- ' ft t i If* 362 WOODPECKER. at the top, nape yellow ; belly striated ; wings red ; rump ^i^reenish ; tail brown. — The two last seem to belong to the Red Species, pro- bably Varieties. 23.— MALACCA WOODPECKER. Picus Malaccensis, Ind. Orn.l. 241. Gen. Zool. ix. 192. Le Pic de Malacca, Son. Voy. Ind. n. 211. Malacca Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 111. LESS than the Green Woodpecker. Bill black ; irides red ; top of the head dull crimson ; the feathers long, forming a slight crest ; throat and fore part of the neck, rufous yellow ; lesser wing coverts crimson ; quills dusky red on the outer, and brown, marked with roundish white spots, on the inner webs ; breast, belly, and vent rufous white, crossed with black bands; back reddish grey; rump pale greenish yellow, banded with black ; tail black, the feathers remarkably stiff* and the shafts prominent; legs black. Inhabits 31alacca. m 24.— CRIMSON-AVINGED WOODPECKER. Picu8 puniceus, Lin, Trans, xiii. 17(5. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill one inch, deep blackish horn-colour, beneath white ; the plumage in general above green ; crown of the head mixed dusky and crimson ; sides of the nape at the bottom yellow ; wings of a tine high crimson, with a chestnut tinge, passing down the middle of the wing ; inner scapulars dull green; quills brown ; the chin, and before to the breast, dirty butl*; belly olive-green, waved across with white spots ; under wing coverts the same; tail black; legs brown. lit WOODPECKER. 363 P' A fine specimen in Mr. Bullock's Museum ; it is also among others in the India House collection. Inhabits Java. — It seems to coincide with the Malacca Species, possibly differing only in sex. 25.— CINNAMON WOODPECKER. LENGTH six inches. Bill strong, and black ; plumage on the upper parts plain cinnamon-colour, beneath, even with the eyes, white, with a tinge of cinnamon ; legs black ; the wings short, reaching scarcely to the base of the tail. Inhabits India ; called by the Bengalese Kaut tookra : described from a specimen in the British Museum. ■ 111 ir W- Mi 26.— GORGET WOODPECKER. i Picus pectoialis, Ltd. Orn. Sup. xxxii. Cen. Zool. ix. 208. Gorget Woodpecker, Gen. Sj/n.Sup.W. Addit. p. 372. LENGTH above nine inches. Bill pule horn-colour; head, neck, and upper parts deep crimson or chestnut, growing very pale on the rump; back and wings marked with numerous, curved, transverse black crescents ; across the breast a large crescent of black • from thence to the vent pale dusky rufous, spotted with black ; rump and vent marked with black ; tail black. Inhabits Queen Charlotte's Sound ; comes nearest in colour to the Rufous Species, but is a larger bird, and probably a distinct species. A A A 2 ■i ^^1 Ii^l:; h If 4 3i Em r!;i 364 WOODPECKER. 27— RUFOUS INDIAN WOODPECKER. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch, stout, black; plumage in general dull rufous ; feathers of the hind head elongated into a crest, standing out behind ; the head, and breast are plain ; all the rest of the bird crossed with streaks of black, which are broadest on the wings ; the tail marked with five or six curved bars of the same on each side of the shaft, but not touching it, the ends of the feathers much pointed, and black ; legs ash-colour, claws black. Tlie female has the head smooth, without any crest, otherwise not unlike the male, but is rather smaller, and the black streaks more narrow, and not so well defined ; irides in both brown ; round the eyelids dusky brown. Inhabits India ; common also in Ceylon. This, as well as the last, is like the Rufous Woodpecker in general markings, but is probably a different species. Name in Ceylon Mal-kerala. 28.— CRIMSON-RUMPED WOODPECKER. Picus Goertan, Ind. Orn. i. 236. Gm. Lin. i. 434. Gen. Zool. ix. 179. Pic Goertan du Senegal, Buf. vii. 25. PI. enl. 320. Criiuson-rumped Woodpecker, Gen, Syn. ii. 583. MUCH less than the Common Green Woodpecker. Bill lead- colour ; crown crimson ; upper parts of the body grey-brown, tinged with grey, and spotted with dusky white on the wings ; beneath yellowish grey ; rump of a fine red ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Senegal, where it is called Goertan. WOODPECKER. 365 29— YELLOW-NECKED WOODPECKER. LENGTH eight and a half or nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, white, tipped with black ; general colour of the plumage ohve-green; on the nape a large greenish yellow crescent; lore crimson, chin and throat dirty white, spotted with brown and white, margined all round with crimson ; fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast green, like the back, but the breast is much deeper than the neck ; from thence all beneath white, with dusky spots like crescents, quite to the vent ; thighs plain white ; the lower part of the back, the quills, and tail are dusky brown, or blackish ; but the bases of the prime quills incline to ferruginous, and several of the mner ones have the outer webs, near the ends, yellowish ; second qmlls m general green, with the inner webs dusky ; insides of the vvmgs black, spotted with white ; legs black. Inhabits India.— Brought into England by M. de Fichtel. MM ■ } 30.— GREY-HEADED WOODPECKER. Picus Norvegicus. Ind. Orn. i. 236. Bris. iv. 18. Id. 8vo. ii. 46. Klein. 28. Gerin. t. 177. Gen. Zool. ix. 188. Picus canus, Gm. Lin. i. 434. Tern. Man. d'Om. 239. Id. Ed. ii p. 394 Greyheaded Green Woodpecker. Gen. Syn. ii. 583. Ediv. pi. 65. Arc't. Zool. ii. 277. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill dull ash-colour, yellowish at the base ; head, and hind part of the neck, fine ash-colour ; the forehead obscurely marked with four or five small red spots ; nostrils covered with black bristles, turning forwards ; from the corner of the mouth is a streak of black, passing backwards, like a whisker ; back and scapulars blue-green; rump yellow; wing coverts yellowish l^ 'I ' I' ^ .■a I'll tide WOODPECKER. m jtj^reen ; quills dark brown, spotted with light yellow ; upper and under tail coverts dull green ; tail brown, crossed with dusky lines ; under the throat whitish ; and from that to the vent cinereous, with a mixture of green ; legs black. Inhabits Norway. Found also among the Alps of Switzerland : common in the North of Russia, but more so in Siberia : makes the nest in the holes of trees like other species, and lays five or six white eggs. The Tungusi, of Nijmaia Tungouska, roast this species, bruise the flesh, and mix it with any grease, except that of the bear, which dissolves too readily, with this they anoint their arrows, and pretend that the animals, which are struck with them, instantly fall.* 31.— PERSIAN WOODPECKER. Picvis Persicus, Tnd. Orn.\. 23G. Gm. Lin.'x. 435. —— luteiis Persicus, Bris. iv. 20. Id. 8vo. ii. 47. Aldrov. i. t. p. ^\. Rail, 44. 9. Will. 97. Pic jauiie de Perse, Buf. vii. 18. Picchio giallo, Ziim. Uov. 73. t. 11. f. 75. Persian Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 584. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker, but said to have a thicker neck, and a longer bill ; the feathers, from the middle of the crown to the end of the tail, incline to ferruginous. The bill ferruginous ; feet pale blue, claws black ; the rest of the body yellow ; but all the ends of the wing feathers, or tips, incline somewhat to ferruginous ; and a spot of the same colour encompasses the eyes. Said to breed in Pei-sia, and described first by Aldrovandus. — BufTon thinks it a Variety of the Green Woodpecker, as well as the last, but we are certain, that the one is distinct, and in respect to the other it appears very doubtful. * Gmel. Voif. Sib. ii. U3 — Arct. Zool. i1^;l WOODPECKER. 367 }■■: 32.— ORANGE WOODPECKER. Picus aurantius. Ind. On,, i. 237. Liu. i. 174. Gm. Lin. i 430. — Capitis bona. Spoi. Bris. iv. 78. t. G. 1. /,/. 8vo. ii. 50. Gerin. 1. 176. f^c du Cap cle bonne Esperance, Btif. vii. 24. Orange Woodpecker, Ge,,. S,jn. ii. 585. Gen. Zool. ix. 195. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill deep lead-colour ; crown and Innd head red ; the feathers of both long and narrow; on each side, from behind the eye to the hind head, a white stripe ; another trom the nostrds passes under the eyes, down the sides of the neck • the hmd part, and sides of which are blackish ; cheeks, throat, and lore part of the neck, dirty grey, the feathers margined with blackish • upper part of the back fine golden orange-colour ; scapulars golden ohye, tniged with orange ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tad coverts blackish ; breast, belly, sides, and thighs dirty white the teathers margined with brown ; under tail coverts the same' margnied with black, and a transverse stripe of the same ; winu^ coverts bluish brown ; on the tips of some of them a dirty grey spot • the greater ones, next the body, gilded olive, and some of them spotted in the same manner; those farthest from the body are plain black-brown ; quills dark brown, some of them spotted with dirtv white; tail black; legs pale lead-colour. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. m i 33— GOLD-BACKED WOODPECKER. Picus Senegalensis /„rf. Orn. i. 237. Gm. Lin. i. 430. Gen. Zool. ix. 198. 1 etit 1 10 raye du Sene-al, B„f. vii. 25. PL enl. 345. 2. Gold-backed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 58«. NOT much bigger than a Sparrow. Bill dusky ; crown red • forehead and sides brown ; the back golden fulvous yellow ; quilfs ilfl ft i ui J1' ■"^w ? li'ii .308 WOODPECKER. the same ; coverts, ami rump greenish ; under part of the body transversely undulated with grey brown, and dull white ; the two middle tail feathers black, the other the same, spotted with yellow ; legs dusky. Inhabits Senegal. 34.— WHITE-BILLED WOODPECKER. Picus principalis, /«rf. Orn. i. 225. i/n.i. 173. Gnj. Z,in. i. 425. Borowsk.W. 135. VieUl.Am.'u. 50. pi. 109. Gen. Zoo/, ix. p. 150. pi. 30. Tern. Man. Ed. u. Anal. p. Ixxix. Piciis iiij^er Caroliiiensis, Bris.'iv. 20. Id. Svo.Vi. 49. iinbrifcetus, Rait 102. Will. 301. Quatotomomi, liaii 102. Will. 94. t. 22. Id. Engl. .390. t. 22. Pic noir liuppe de la Caroline, PI. enl. 090. Buf. vii. p. 40. King of the Woodpeckers, Kalm. Trav. ii. p. 85 ? Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Amer. Orn. pi. 29. male. Wliite-billed Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n.u. 553. male. i. 1. 10. Arcl. Zool. ii. No. 150. Klein. 20. 2 pi. 497. /(/. Sup. 105. female. C'ates. Car. Bartr. Trav. p. 287. Nat. Misc. THIS is from sixteen to twenty inches in length, thirty-one in breadth, and nearly as stout as a Crow, weighing more than twenty ounces. The bill white as ivory, three inches long, and channelled; irides yellow ; on the hindhead an erect, pointed crest, of a fine red colour, some of the feathers two inches long ; general colour of the plumage deep black, but the lower parts of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts are white ; from behind the eye arises a white stripe, which passes down on each side of the neck, and back, beyond the middle, and ends in a point ; the four first prime quills are black; the fifth has a white tip, and two spots of white on the inner web : the sixdi and seventh with the eiids, and inner webs, white ; all the other quills wholly white, as are the under wing coverts ; tail very stiff, the feathers greatly curving inwards, and wholly black ; the legs black. WOODPECKER. 3()9 The female is much the same in size and colour, and tlie head also is crested, but of the same colour with the body ; in both sexes the forehead and sides of the bill at the base are white. Inhabits Carolina, Virginia, Brazil, and Mexico ; called by the Spaniards, Carpenter ; and not without reason, for like most others of the Genus, it makes a great noise with the bill against the trees in the woods, to be heard at a great distance, as if carpenters were at work; producing, according to Catesby, in an hour or two, a bushel of chips; It IS thought by some to perforate sound trees, but we are assured, that it is only those hastening to decay, that suit its pur- pose, the intent of which is to form a cavity, wherein to deposit their eggs. We are told, that this is generally winding, and from two to hveteetdeep; the eggs are four or five in number, white, and as large as those of a Pullet, of equal size at both ends. They also attack the trees for the sake of the insects contained within, as well as m the clefts of the bark ; and are very dexterous at separating it from the dead pmes, to get at the worms of the goat beetles, the chief food being insects, and their larvae ; are not thought to eat Indian com. nie common note resembles the tone of a trumpet, or high note of a clarionet, uttered every two or three seconds, and may be heard more than half a mile; are found in Georgia, according to Mr. Abbot, and there called Lobcock by some, by others Woodcock ; chiefly seen m the swamps, but far from common. The note is reckoned a sign of rain. It is said, that the Canadian Indians make use of the bills of these birds for coronets, setting them round in a wreath, with the points upwards, and that the Northern Indians purchase them of the Southern, at the rate of two or three buckskins per bill -Kalm says, they are found at New Jersey, though seldom, and only at certain seasons.-Mr. Abbot never found this species in Virginia. *^ ti'i: V. 'l,h: H ■ Hv'i I: ii vor.. lit. Bbb ^^'|l| i'/,,/ hr> J/or/^. mm *» tit-; m^ '-'■>U''K< >•-}•..•• ■Hi'. ;Hli.- »'i' liU'^','-.-! XfY'll^i'- u ;,»(M U*:'>iH fh,.- ' yy # t •/« «. ;» n.:i?i- «; Uiji.Ui!'/'.; ; «iJi I ,, < ! ' > t ■••iMV. U i -l.'HI'V* rr» «!• 5>s*.Hl*|rfKFlf —{' (/-* 'i?S .«< wjt"' ' "-'■• »»^ } : 'I ■ 'I if N-! h'tni-i olcur . !tt<.' ; .1 I' if .>VV fi in> Y?jf .J. !•:• »: (M. -* ^I'-ml;U/«' .♦n»i htr^\--.i t.iT f'^our \>((t t • 1 • '■ . : ( . • ' > : t ) ;. .■!Vi ■ "■ , -i; ) I. '■■■•;.>' iU' t' ,<« 'O • 't i,H* ;>{, (Ki'> ; ♦>>}< ?»• u 1.. i-..i .liisl. «v». t» it »4 4 , ..■.»!. 4 •• i ' r (;.»<• V'-/ rtUIT' ?num «■ !>. v">.. ti -' !l < .r ■sgfE' ' •* ♦» I" *,,- » -. !• 1 .W:| ^ I » . y- .#■•' •'V/. ■ •, - - '*. ■ * 1 . -/i../. Vf i/^/-i/ '/""f Jf//''. ««• ^ WOODPECKER. 373 Inhabits Cayenne, and from tlience extends to Paraguay ; some- times met with in the woods in numbers together. The natives call it Ipecu ; about Guinea named Ouantou ; and by tlie Portuguese Corta i)ao. 38. -BUFF-CRESTED WOODPECKER.— Pl. lix. Picus melaiioleuc'us, Ind. Orn. i. 2*20. Gm. Lin. i. 426. Gen. Zool. ix. 155. pl. 31. Cliarpentier, X huppe couleur dt' Paille, Foi/. d'Azara, iv. No. 251. Buff-ercsted Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 558. pl. 25. LENGTH twelve inches and half. Bill two inches, brownish horn-colour ; head crested ; the crown as far as the middle black, the feathers of the rest elongated, and bufF-colour ; the whole bounded on the sides and behind with black; the rest of the head, neck, back, and wings, in general blackish brown ; outer ei]ge of the wing, about the middle white ; from the gape begins a stripe of white passing under the eye, antl continuing on each side of the neck, growing considerably broatler as it proceeds downwards, and finally meeting at the beginning of the back, and there forming a large space ; middle of the chin dusky white, the lower part of the back is also mottled with white ; breast, belly, and vent dirty white, marked across with dusky black narrow bars; quills, tail, and legs, black. Inhabits Surinam. Described from a specimen in the Leverian Museum. It has many things in common with the lineated species, but differs in the colour of the crest ; and the neck before, the middle of the chin excepted, is wholly black. I find, that in some speci- mens the lower part of the back has no mottling of white. 1 ■ 4 I • I ill ' 374 WOODPECKER. 30— CHILI WOODPECKER. Picus li-narins, Tnd. Oni. i. 224. Gm. Lin. i. 424. Molin. Chil. 209. Id. Fr. Ed. 215. Chili Woodpecker, C'eiu Si/n. Sup. ii. 140. Gen. Zool. ix. 157. NEARLY as laiiye as a Blackbird. Crown crestetU red; body banded blue and wliite; tlse bill so strong, as not only to enable the bini to make boles in decayed trees, but even in living and sound ones, in wln<'h it makes the nest; and is said by this means to destroy fill it-bearing trees. Inlabits Chili. 40.-RED-NECKED WOODPECKER. Picus riibricoUis, Jnd. Orn. i. 22G. Gm. Lin. i. 420. Gen. Zool. ix. 169. Le Pic ii Cou rouge, liuj'. vii. 53. Grand Pic huppe a tetc rouge, I'/, enl. 012. Le Chiirpeiitier ii liuppe et Cou rouges, Vui/. d'Azara, iv. No. 25C. Red-iieciehind the eye, an oval angular spot, about half an inch in diameter, the upper half black, the under white ; chin, throat, the fore part of the neck, and back of it beneath the crest, black ; all the upper |Kirts, wings, and tail brown black ; at each side of the under jaw l»rgiiis a line of white, growing broader, and passing on each side to the back ; the breast, belly, and thighs dirty butf-colour, crossed with numerous dusky black bars; vent plain black; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches long, the outer three only; the under wing coverts are white, the inner webs of the (piills the s.ime half way from the base; the wings long, reaching to within an inch ot the end of the tail ; legs brown. In another speeci< >, and seems to ditier from any yet described, nnless it may probably prove the Ipt^u of Marcgrave, of which the i\»)!owing is a eneath chiefly the latter, tail black ; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne, and other parix of America; feed.s on wonns i; 1 t i if 46.-CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER nn.n.l Pic niye de Cayenne, B«/ vii. 3!. PI. cni. 719. /„,/. Qm. .. 239. 41. /3. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill black ; top of the hea.i black • feathers of the hnidhead elongated, and beautiful crim.son ; sides of the head wlnte, in the middle of which the eyes are placed ; on the u.uler vol.. IFF. .r. * C C C i! 378 WOODPECKER. jaw a broad kind of purplish whisker, crossed with numerous hlack lines; upper parts of the body yellowish, crossed with narrow black bands; beneath yellowish, spotted black; quills black, barred with yellow; tail black, the two middle feathers plain, the rest crossed with fifteen or sixteen yellow bars ; legs black. Tnhabits Cayenne. There seems much affinity between this and the last, yet it may be doubted; as Brisson's bird is expressly said to have the tail entirely black. 1 46.— YELLOW-CRESTED WOODPECKER. Picus flavescens, Ind. Om. i. 239. Gm. Lin. i. 427. Gen. Zool.ix. 201. Yellow-crested Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 589. Brown HI. 1. 12, SIZE of a Jackdaw. Head covered with a long loose pendant, pale yellow crest ; throat, cheeks, and hind part of the neck, of the same colour; back and wings black, transversely marked with broad, light yellow bars ; the tail coverts high yellow ; belly and tail black ; thighs, and inner wing coverts pale yellow; legs dark brown. Lihabits Brazil, among the Airi palm trees ; it is a very solitary Species. 47.— LESSER BLACK WOODPECKER. Picus liiriiiidiuaceus, /««. ii. 559. 7. A. SIZE of the Wryneck. Plumage on the head, neck, and upper parts black ; on the crown a patch of red ; over the eye a white streak, and towards the hind head a mixture of yellow; down the middle of the breast, as far as the belly, a dash of red ; belly and sides mixed black and grey; lower part of back, and rump white ; the rest of the plumage black, glossed with blue on the head and bod v. The female has neither red nor yellow on the head ; and some sperunens, with no red on the crown, have a circle of yellow en- compassing the head ; probably these are young males < \ •iJi- A.-Length eight inches and a half Bill dusky, pale at the base; plumage in general black; on the middle of the crown a red C c c 2 '■i ■ * I am WOODPECKER. spot; eye placed in abet! of white, extending to the hind head, whicli is goUlen yeUow ; breast down the middle, and sides ileep rrinisftn ; vent barred black and white, lower parts of the back and rnnip white ; wings and tail black ; some of the secondaries white jnst at the tip. The female has the head wholly black ; and a line of white uwv the eye; the former of these, in the collection of General Davies; the latter in my own ; were both bronght from Cayenne. 49._PORTO-RICO WOODPECKER. Pi( us Portoricf lists Ann, dii Mus. Nat, w. *>85. pi. h\. Nat. Misc. pi. 053. Gtn. Zuol. ix. -217. pi. ;J7. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill and legs black ; forehead before the eyes, the lids, rimip, and upper tail coverts white ; crown and neck behind, black ; back the sanie, but deeper, with a greenish tinge : (juills and tail black ; throat, neck before, mi(hlle of the breast, belly, and vent deep blood red ; sides of the breast and belly brown, paler beneath the wings. The female is much the same, but .smaller, and the cohmr less bright. — This bird is common at Porto Rico; said to cry like the European Green Species, and is supposed to be di.stinct ; but seems much allied to the last described. \ 50.-CRIMSON-CROWNED WOODPECKER LENGTH eight inches, breadth fourteen and a half Bill and legs pale lead-colour; the whole top of the head, and neck behind to the back black, but on the middle of the crown is a round crimson WOODPKCKFR. '.Ml spot al)ont half an inch in diameter ; sules of the n»rk, chin, an. ^.^-t. v.. %% V] ^. v: w/ y >^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.4 1.6 Photographjc Sciences Corporation sj \ ^v :\ \ [V o^ '^J^ i3 WEST MAIN STREET WCR'.TER.N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^ ;:ands, 18 or 20 of each ; lesser wing coverts black ; each of the others marked with a white, heart-shaped spot, and the lower series with oval ones : greater quills black ; the exterior wholly so, except a spot or two of white near the base ; the second with five white spots on the outer web, ceasing for one inch at the end, and three or four larger round spots from the base to half way on the inner web ; the others much the same, with the ends plain black ; the second quills crossed with three or four spots on each side the web, and being transverse, give the appearance of bars ; from the gape, a broad streak of black, dividing the cheeks from the chin, which, as well as all the under parts, is white, but the sides under the wings, and the vent, spotted with black, most so on the sides of the breast; lesser under wing coverts white, the others spotted with black ; tail three inches and a quarter long, the four middle feathers black, the rest white ; the outmost barred four times on the inner web, and two smaller bars on the outer, corresponding with the two inner ones nearest the end ; the second feather much the same, but black within at the base; the third has the web within black, and white without, with a perpend:cular white streak on the inner web, near the end, and two black spots, a larger and a smaller, the first nearest the ends ; the wings reach three-fifths on the tail ; bill and legs black. The female is marketl much the same as the male, and differs in having the crimson spot, on each side of the nape, about the size of a small pea, close to the upper side of the white ; but in one which came under our observation, there was no red at all on any part of the head. Inhabits Georgia and Virginia, but is not a plentiful Species; chiefly found in the woods, and lives principally on insects, which it procures by running up and down the trees and branches, more especially pines; is called, in Georgia, Sklit, from the note. M'OODPECKER. 3H3 53 —ENCENADA WOODPECKER. Picus varlegatus, lud. Orn. i. 2;iii. Gen. Zool. ix. 193. — — bicolor, G'w. Litu i. 438. Pic varie de la Enceiiada, Buf. vii. 74. PL enl. 748. 1. male. Encenada Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.W. 575. THIS is a trifle larger than tlie Lesser Spotted Woodpecker- the length six inches. Bill lead-colour; irides white; the plumage in general of two colours, grey-brown and white, but these are irregu- larly blended together, so as to render it extremely beautiful ; above mixed transversely, and beneath in a perpendicular direction ; quills brown, dotted with white ; the head crested, and mixed on both sides with cnmson ; sides of the head white, verging to brown under the eye ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits America; found at Encenada; seems to be much allied to the last. 54. --YELLOW-HEADED WOODPECKER. Picus icterocephalus. Ind. Orn. i. 241. Gen. Zool. ix. 191. pi. 35. x x x chlorocephalus, Gm. Lin. i. 432. Petit Pic A gorge rouge, Buf. vii. 37. PL enL 784. Yellow-headed Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.W. 595. SIZE of a Wryiieck. Bill lead-colour ; head and neck yellow ; top of the head crimson, lengthening into a crest at the hind head • at the angles of the mouth a streak of the same ; the general coloui- of the plumage olive brown ; under parts marked with white soots most numerous at the vent ; legs lead-colour. ' Inhabits Guiana. ■f>\\\ 384 WOODPECKER. I 56 —GOLD-BREASTED WOODPECKER. Piciis ehrysosternus, Golden-breasted Woodpecker, Went, Trans, ii. p. 289. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill near one inch and a half, black ; crown deep glossy black, which extends to the hind head, and there ends in a point ; at the nostrils begins a whitish stripe, which includes the eye, and then becomes a rich orange yellow, uniting behind the head, and spreading over the sides and lower part of the neck and breast ; chin black ; throat speckled near the bill with white; upper parts of the body and wing coverts greyish brown, transversely striated with greyish white ; quills darker and immaculate near the tips; the fourth the longest, shafts of all golden yellow ; rump white ; body beneath grey, with brown, arrow-shaped lines, pointing downwards, two on each feather ; upper and under tail coverts banded black and whitish ; tail four inches and a Iialf long, black ; the two middle feathers partially banded with dirty yellow ; the two outmost pair the same on the inner web ; the shafts of the last golden in the middle ; legs obscure olive. This was a female. Inhabits the dry antl arid tracts of table land in the Serteni, or inland country of the Province of Bahia, in South America ; and unlike its tril>e, said to have a short plaintive cry while flying, and frequently perches on die tops of the straggling, stunted trees, which afford such a contrast to the luxuriant vegetation of the coast. — Mr. Swainson, from whose account these particulars are taken, esteems it as a rare species, having seen it in no other collection than his own. WOODPECKER. ^85 56 —BRAZILIAN WOODPECKER. Picu8 Brasiiiensis, Brasilian Woodpecker, Wern. Trans, iii. p. 291. LENGTH nine inches. Bill near one inch, very strait, sides angulated; irides yellow ; head, as far as the nape, crimson; orbits and cheeks olive brown ; beneath this, and commencing from the nostrils, a narrow line of golden yellow, terminating with the neck ; below it another stripe, crimson at the base of the lower mandible, and olive beyond, ending with the former, leaving the chin and' throat yellow ; plumage in general above yellowish olive ; inner shafts of the quills black, but the edges pale rufous, almost their entire length; inner wing coverts tawny; breast, and beneath the body tawny yellow, transversely banded with blackish lines; tail three inches and a half long, black, the feathers tinged with olive at the base ; legs olivaceous. This was said to be a male. The female unknown. Inhabits South America ; met with in the dry and arid tracts of the Province of Bahia, with the last described. ■1.1 , , I 57.— VARIED WOODPECKER. Picus tricolor, Lul. Orn. i. 230. Gm. Lin. i. 437. Gerin. t. 178. Gen. Zool. ix. 175. varius Mexicaiuis major et minor, Bris. iv. 57. & 59. Id. 8vo. ii. 57, 58. Quauhchochopitli, Raii, 103. Fern. N. Hisp. Ch. 94 ?* Pica Mexicana, Seha. i. t. 64. G. Klein, p. G2. G. Jaculator cinereus, Klein, Av. 127. 2 ? L'Epeiche du Me\ique, Biif. vii. 70. Varied Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 568. SIZE of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker. The whole body covered with black feathers, transversely striated with white; breast and belly red; quills and tail black, striated across with white. Inhabits the colder parts of Mexico. * Fernandez does not mention that his bird was red on any part of the body. VOL. lU. D D D tt m m m 386 WOODPECKER. 58— CANADA SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus Canadensis, Ltd. Orn. i. 230. Bris. iv. 45. t. 2. f. 2. Id. 8vo. ii. 54. Gm. Lin. i. 437. Gett. Zool. ix. 153. Quuuhtotopotli alter, Rail, 162. Fern. N. Hisp. p. 47 ? L'Epeiche du Canada, Buf. vii. 69. PL enl. 345. 1. Canada Spotted Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 569. Arct. Zool. ii. 163. SIZE of the Greater Spotted Woodpecker ; length nine inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, and horn-colour; upper parts of the body black, with a mixture of white in the middle of the back ; under parts whitish ; head black ; forehead dirty white ; on each side a broad white band, passing above the eyes, and joining a pale orange one on the hindhead; under the eye another white band, which widens as it proceeds downwards on the sides of the neck ; the wing coverts and quills spotted with white; the two middle tail feathers are black ; the next has a dirty white spot near the tip ; the three others with the ends marked obliquely with white ; the two outmost being wholly white, except at the base ; legs grey brown. Inhabits Canada. That figured in PI enl. is probably a female, as it has no orange on the hindhead, nor is the front of a dirty white. 59.— NORTHERN WOODPECKER. Picus borealis, Northern Woodpecker, Gen. Zool.ix. 174. Fieill. Am. Sept.u. 06. 122. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; irides red; plumage in general black, spotted with dusky : wing coverts black, spotted with white ; the four exterior tail feathers white, varied with black ; the rest entirely of the latter colour; on the hindhead a narrow red band, and a large white spot from thence to the eyes, below which 4 Il L WOODPECKER. 387 hZ ft **"'\"^/,^"^"^f t« tl^e »»der mandible; the feathers at the base of the beak, throat, front of the neck, breast, and belly whitish the latter spotted with black. ^' ' This has some affinity to the Canada Spotted Species. 60.— CAROLINA WOODPECKER. Picus Carolinus. Ind. Orn. i. 231. Lin. i. 174. G,„. Lin. i. 431. Gen. Zool iv. 18o /?aj/, 181. 11. JS«/.vii. 72. Pl.enl.b\yi. Picus griseus, Fid//. ^»«. ii. G2. pi. IIG. Var. •liunaica Woodpecker, Edw. pi. 244. Red-bell.^ VVo,jker.C«.e..C«V.i.t. 19. .2. Bar/r. 287. ^,„.r. Or«. i. pi. 7 f2 Carolina Woodpecker. Gen. Syn.n. 570. ^rc^. Zoo/, ii. IGl . ^ 1 ^lf^^V^ *^" '"*'''^'' '''^^'^*** seventeen. Bill one inch and a half long, black; forehead buff; top of the head, and all behind onmson ; sides and beneath pale ash-colour, inclining to olive brown on the breast; on each jaw a slight tinge of crimson ; the same on the breast, growing deeper from the middle of the belly to between the legs; plumage above, back, and wings black, banded with white- fiom 16 to 20 bands in all on the back, broader than in the Jamaica ^peces ; wings much the same ; second quills black, with four or five white spots on the outer webs; greater quills black, all but the the two first tipped with white, or fringed; the first quill shortest ; rump and upper tail coverts white, transversely marked with black and the atter reaching half way on the tail; the outer feather indented black and white on the outer web, the same on the inner, just at the tip : the second black, with the outer fringe and tip white- third only white at the tip ; the four middle ones wholly black, and' black ^* '""^^ ' **'" "^'"^^ '''*''^' ''^^^ ""^^ ^" ^^^ ^'^ ' '"^^ D D o 2 ii i it ."■■ f" :388 WOODPECKER. In the female the top of the head is deep ash-colour, the rest of the hind head and neck crimson ; sides of the head dark like the crown ; chin, and beneath pale ash ; middle of the belly pale crimson ; the rest as in the male. Young males differ, in having the crown, nape, and neck behind mixed with red, becoming wholly red at the following moult. Inhabits Jamaica, Carolina, and other warmer parts of America. In Georgia called Chamchucker, from its note ; by some the Cho- qiiered Woodpecker: is fond of mulberries: frequents the oak woods. A. — Carolina Woodpecker, Gen. Syn.W. 571. 17. A. Ind.Orn.i. 231. j8. In this Variety the forehead is buff-colour in both sexes, as well its the cheeks ; on the belly a pale yellowish brown tinge, but not at all inclined to red ; the two middle tail feathers transversely barred with white on each side, the next only so on the outer web.s, but reaching to the shafts ; and the outer one dotted with white, on the outer margins, the whole length, bnt on the inner only near the end ; the head, otherwise, answering to the former description. I received both sexes of the above from Jamaica, and find them to be larger than the American ones, nearly as long as in Brisson's description, or ten inches and half. Kalm observes, that the colour of the head is deeper, and of a more shining red than Catesby has represented it. According to Sloane, it is met with every where in the woods, and is fond of the capsicum, or Guinea pepper. B.— L'Epeiche raye de la Loussiane, Biif. vii. 73. PI. enl, 692. (female.) Gen. Syn. ii. tn. 17. B. Ind. Orn. i. 2531. 17. y. Bigger than the Great Spotted Species ; upper part of the head pale red ; on the throat, and under the eyes, some markings of the S WOODPECKER. 38i> same ; general colour of the plumage above black, transversely striped with white ; beneath greyish white ; the two middle and two outer tail feathers black and white mixed ; the others plain black. One of these, supposed to be the female, had a grey forehead, and no red on the head, except at the back part. Inhabits Louisiana. The lines on the back of this bird are more numerous than in the Jamaica Variety. C — Picus varius Indicus, Gerin. t. 171. Ind. Orn. i. 231. 18, $. I 'I The general colour of this bird is black and white mixed ; the crown, nape, and belly red; forehead and beneath the neck yellowish grey ; a line of black descends from the nostrils, through the eyes, on each side, and surrounding them ; the middle of the back and rump almost wholly white. 61.— HAIRY WOODPECKER. Picus viUosus, Ind. Orn.i. 232. Lin.i. 175. Gm. Lin. i. 435. Kalm. It. iii. 43 Phil. Trans. Ixii. 388. K/ein. 27. 9. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 64. pi. 120. Gen. Zoo/. ix. 171. Picus varius Virginianus, Bris. iv. 48. Id. 8vo. ii. 54. Picus leuconotus. Tern. Man. d'Orn. 242. Id. Ed. ii. p. 397. Pic chevelu, Buf. vii. 74. Molin. Chil. 209. Id. (Fr. ed.) 215. Pic varie male de Virginia, PI. enl. 754. Perm. Surin. ii. 170. Der Weisspecht, Besek. Vog. Ktirl. p. 38. No. 01 ? Hairy Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 572. Id. Sup. 108. Am. Zool. ii. No. 164. Cat. Car. i. t. 19. f. 2. Ka/m. Tr. ii. 86. Lewin Birds, ii. t. 50. Br. Zool. Ed. 1812^ p. 324. Amer. Omith. v. 1. pi. 9. f. 3. THIS is a trifle less than the Larger Spotted Woodpecker, eight inches long, fourteen broad ; and weighs two ounces. Bill one inch m k I.} ■■■.Ill ■ii! m 390 WOODPECKER. i and a quarter long, and honi-colou''ed ; the head is black, with two white lines on each side, the one passing above the eye, the other along the lower jaw, and down the neck, both arising at the base of the bill ; across the hind head is a red band, divided in the middle with a black line ; the upper parts of the body are black, and the colour divided by a list of white feathers, like hairs, passing down the back ; the wings, and upper tail coverts spotted with white ; all the under parts white ; the four middle tail feathers are black ; the next on each side obliquely white at the tip ; the last but one white, with the base black ; and the outer one wholly white ; legs grey- brown. The female differs in wanting the red on the hind head ; lays four whiteeggs — hatches in June. Numerous in Pennsylvania ; seen from Hudson's Bay to Georgia. Inhabits more particularly Carolina, Virginia, and Canada : common in the woods about plantations, and lives chiefly on insects ; said to destroy the apple trees, by pecking holes in them. This has been met with in England ; but I liave only heard of two or three instances of the circumstance ; one in particular, com- municated by the late Mr. Bolton, of Stannary, near Halifax, Yorkshire, of a pair being shot among the old trees in the park of Sir George Armitage, Bart, at Kirklees Hall, where they no doubt had been bred, but the wood being cut down the succeeding winter, the rest forsook the ground, and could not be traced further. — The above pair were presented to the late Duchess Dowager of Portland, in whose collection I saw them many years since. These birds answered to the general description in every particular, except in not having the red bar across the hind head so complete, being only a patch of that colour on each side of the head. — I suspect this to be the Leuconote of M. Temminck, which he says is seen accidentally in the N. Provinces of Germany, in the winter season WOODPECKER. 391 I • 62— ALBANY WOODPECKER. LENGTH six inches and a half, breadth twelve ; weight sixteen pennyweights. Bill black; irides dark coloured; vibrissa white; crown and scapulars black ; hind head crimson; sides of the head and ears white, joining with a white patch on the side of the neck ; middle of the back to the rump, the throat, breast, belly, and vent' white ; wing and tail coverts black ; quills and secondaries black,' spotted with white ; the two middle tail feathers black ; the next the same, with the edge and tip of the outer web white; the two next have the upper part of the outer web black, the rest white ; the end ot the inner web the same, with an oval black spot near the end ; on the two next three spots of black on the inner webs, and a small speck or two of the same near the end of the outer; the two exterior feathers have three transverse black spots on the inner, and two on the outer webs ; legs black. This was shot at Albany Fort, Hudson's Bay, in November 1780, and called there Paupastaow; it was feeding on the tops of the Juniper Willow.— Communicated by the late Mr. Hutchins. 63.- LITTLE WOODPECKER. Picus pubescens, Ind. Orn. i. 232. Lin. i. 175. Gm. Lin. u 435. Vieill Am ii p. C5. pi. 121. Gen. Zool. ix. 170. Picus varius Virginianus minor, Bris. iv. 50. Id. 8vo. ii. 55. Klein. 27. 8. Petit Pic varie de Virginie, Biif. vii. 76. Smallest Woodpecker, Cat. Car. i. t. 21. Kaim. Trav. ii. 87. Downy Woodpecker, Jrct. Zool. ii. No. 165. Lam. Car. 143. Amer. Orn. v 1 pi. 9. f. 4. • • . Little Woodpecker, Gen. Si/n. ii. 573. Id. Sup. 106. THIS is like the Hairy Species, but is much smaller : length six inches ; breadth eleven ; weight near an ounce. Bill horn- mV) ■t' if I* I p! 3 MM .392 WOODPECKER. colour, top of the head black; above each eye a white line; hind head red ; back of the neck, the back, and rump black, divided into two parts by a line of white, passing down the middle to the rump ; scapulars, upper wing, and tail coverts black ; greater wing coverts, and (luills spotted with white; under parts of the body pale grey; tail black, the four middle feathers plain, the rest barred with white and black ; legs black. In the male the three outer tail feathers are white, with two transverse black bars ; the fourth fringed outwardly with white. The female differs in having the hindhead crossed with white instead of red, and in this sex more white on the outer web of the fourth tail feather. Young males have little or no red on the hindhead. Inhabits America, especially Virginia, and Carolina; it builds in the holes of trees, like the generality of its race ; the egg like that of the Hairy Woodpecker, but smaller. Kalm observes, that it abounds in New Jersey, and is, of all others, the most dangerous to orchards, as well as the most daring ; for having pecked a hole in a tree, it makes another close to the first, in a horizontal direction, proceeding till there is a circle of holes round the trunk, by which the apple trees, having often several of these rings of holes round the stem, frequently dry up, and decay; this is called, by some, the Least Sap-Sucker ; but the name of Sap-Sucker is also given to the Yellow-bellied and Hairy Species ; said to lay six white eggs. 64.— WAVED WOODPECKER. L'Epeiche varie onde, Buf. vii. 78. Pic tachete de Cayenne, PI. enl. 553. ,, SIZE of the Middle Woodpecker. Bill and legs dusky ; fore- head buff; spotted with dusky, the whole top of the head rufous red ; WOODPECKER. 39;) nape black and white mixed ; frenern\ colour of the upper parts of ♦he bird black, waved with white on the back, and inner seccnid qudls, from the mar^jrins of the feathers bein^ white ; above each eye, beginning behind it, is a white streak; and beneath the eye another, arising- from the nostrils ; all the under parts, from chin *t(. vent, white, varied a little with black on the sides ; fiudls black and white alternate, or chequer-wise; the four middle tail feathers are black, the others white, marked with four or five spots of black ; the points of the feathers incline to reddish ; toes placed two before and two behind. Such is the bird described by Buffon in his work, aided by the figure 111 the PI. enlum. and although this author gives in to the idea of its being the sani- bird with the Three-toed, we can by n<. means reconcile ourselves thereto, for the following reasons-In all the Three-toed there is but one streak of white on each side of the head, whereas in the WaveA W^oodpecker there are two; the spots on the back of this latter are different from the former, j,s well as the quills ; the tail, too, is not marked the same. In the Northern Three- toed, the three outer feathers are not spotted, but divided black and white; and in the Southern Three-toed very little spotted; but in both cases differing much from the one here described, which is said t<» inhabit Cayenne. The number of toes might also be added as a further objection, if the figure in the PL enlum. should bv any means be faulty in that particular. \f>\ 60— BLACK AND WHITE WOODPECKER. Le Charpentier blanc et noir, Voy. d'Azara, iv. No. 254. LENGTH ten inches and a half; extent sixteen. Bill brown • irides white ; upper part of the neck and half the back and wines ^OI^- "'• E E E * I 394 WOODPECKER. black ; back part of the head, round the eyes, and belly yellow ; from the back of the eye to the nape a trace of black ; quills and tail black, banded with brov a ; the rest of the plumage white ; legs green. Inhabits Paraguay ; and from the colours of the plumage calle, VJOODVJ/\RD LIBRARY University of Britich Columbia Vancouver 8, Br C. Canada